2003, 2006-2010, 2009, 2011-2015, 2015, Akvaristika, Atlasy, Časová línia, Do roku 2005, Kôrovce, Kraby, Organizmy, Príroda, TOP, Živočíchy

Kraby

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Kra­by pat­ria medzi fas­ci­nu­jú­ce tvo­ry mor­ských a slad­ko­vod­ných pro­stre­dí, kto­ré majú širo­ký výskyt po celom sve­te. Tie­to bez­sta­vov­ce sú pris­pô­so­be­né na život v rôz­nych pro­stre­diach, od mor­ských plá­ží až po sla­né a slad­ko­vod­né jaze­rá a rie­ky. Ich telo je tvo­re­né pev­ným pan­cie­rom, kto­rý im posky­tu­je ochra­nu a štruk­tú­ru. Kra­by majú rôz­ne for­my a veľ­kos­ti, od malých, pohyb­li­vých dru­hov až po veľ­ké, mohut­né kra­by, kto­ré sa pohy­bu­jú poma­ly po mor­skom dne. Ich stra­va sa líši pod­ľa dru­hu a pro­stre­dia, v kto­rom žijú, ale zahŕňa rôz­ne dru­hy rias, mäk­ký­šov, malých rýb a ďal­ších organizmov.

Dru­hy (4)

  • Geose­sar­ma bogorensis
  • Geot­help­hu­sa albogilva
  • Parat­help­hu­sa pantherina
  • Sesar­mops intermedium

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2004, 2006, 2006-2010, 2009, 2011-2015, 2013, 2014, 2015, Akvaristika, Atlasy, Časová línia, Do roku 2005, Kôrovce, Krevety, Organizmy, Príroda, Živočíchy

Krevety

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Kre­ve­ty sa vysky­tu­jú na celom sve­te. Bio­lo­gic­ky pat­ria medzi kôrov­ce. Žijú od pobrež­ných oblas­tí až po hlbo­ké mor­ské dná, žijú v stu­de­ných aj tep­lých vodách. Pat­ria medzi všež­rav­cov, živia sa ria­sa­mi, det­ri­tom, plank­tó­nom, drob­ný­mi ryba­mi, kôrov­ca­mi, mäk­kýš­mi, orga­nic­kým mate­riá­lom na dne mora. Mno­ho dru­hov kre­viet je sociál­nych a vyka­zu­je rôz­ne for­my spo­lu­prá­ce a komu­ni­ká­cie v rám­ci sku­pi­ny. V moriach čas­to slú­žia ako potra­va pre ryby, vtá­ky, kôrov­ce. Avšak sú aj obľú­be­nou potra­vou mno­hých ľudí. Až natoľ­ko, že nad­mer­ný lov ohro­zu­je celé popu­lá­cie kre­viet a vedú k nerov­no­vá­he v mor­ských ekosystémoch. 


Shrimps are found all over the world. Bio­lo­gi­cal­ly, they belo­ng to the crus­ta­ce­ans. They live from coas­tal are­as to deep sea beds, inha­bi­ting both cold and warm waters. They are omni­vo­res, fee­ding on algae, det­ri­tus, plank­ton, small fish, crus­ta­ce­ans, mol­lusks, and orga­nic mate­rial on the sea­bed. Many shrimp spe­cies are social and exhi­bit vari­ous forms of coope­ra­ti­on and com­mu­ni­ca­ti­on wit­hin the group. In the seas, they often ser­ve as food for fish, birds, and crus­ta­ce­ans. Howe­ver, they are also a favo­ri­te food for many peop­le. So much so that over­fis­hing thre­a­tens enti­re shrimp popu­la­ti­ons and leads to imba­lan­ce in mari­ne ecosystems.


Kreb­se kom­men auf der gan­zen Welt vor. Bio­lo­gisch gese­hen gehören sie zu den Kreb­stie­ren. Sie leben von den Küs­ten­ge­bie­ten bis zu den tie­fen Mee­res­böden und bewoh­nen sowohl kal­te als auch war­me Gewäs­ser. Sie sind Allesf­res­ser und ernäh­ren sich von Algen, Det­ri­tus, Plank­ton, kle­i­nen Fis­chen, Kreb­stie­ren, Weich­tie­ren und orga­nis­chen Mate­ria­lien am Mee­res­bo­den. Vie­le Gar­ne­le­nar­ten sind sozial und zei­gen vers­chie­de­ne For­men der Zusam­me­nar­be­it und Kom­mu­ni­ka­ti­on inner­halb der Grup­pe. Im Meer die­nen sie oft als Nahrung für Fis­che, Vögel und Kreb­stie­re. Sie sind jedoch auch eine belieb­te Nahrung­squ­el­le für vie­le Men­schen. So sehr, dass über­mä­ßi­ger Fisch­fang gan­ze Gar­ne­len­po­pu­la­ti­onen bed­roht und zu einem Ungle­ich­ge­wicht in den mari­nen Öko­sys­te­men führt.


Dru­hy (14)

  • Cari­di­na babaul­ti Gre­en”
  • Cari­di­na can­to­nen­sis Red Crystal”
  • Cari­di­na can­to­nen­sis Tiger”
  • Lys­ma­ta amboniensis
  • Mac­rob­ra­chium assamensis
  • Neoca­ri­di­na heteropoda
  • Neoca­ri­di­na hete­ro­po­da Crys­tal Black”
  • Neoca­ri­di­na hete­ro­po­da Blue Jelly”
  • Neoca­ri­di­na hete­ro­po­da Red Cherry”
  • Neoca­ri­di­na hete­ro­po­da Ril­li Blu­ea Dream”
  • Neoca­ri­di­na hete­ro­po­da Saku­ra”
  • Neoca­ri­di­na hete­ro­po­da Saku­ra Dre­am Blue”
  • Neoca­ri­di­na hete­ro­po­da Saku­ra Gold Rückenstrich”
  • Neoca­ri­di­na hete­ro­po­da Saku­ra Schocko”

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Biológia, Organizmy, Príroda, Rastliny, Veda, Živočíchy

Taxonómia vybraných organizmov

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Ryby

Ryby – Oste­icht­hy­es pat­rí do pod­kme­ňa Sta­vov­ce – Ver­teb­ra­ta, kme­ňa Chor­dá­ty – Chor­da­tes. Naj­väč­šie čeľa­de sú Gobi­i­dae, Cyp­ri­ni­dae, Cich­li­dae, Lab­ri­dae, Lori­ca­ri­i­dae. Na zara­de­nie do jed­not­li­vých sku­pín sú rôz­ne názo­ry odbor­ní­kov, obec­ne o tom roz­ho­du­jú meris­tic­ké zna­ky – počet lúčov v plut­vách, počet šupín. Pre jed­not­li­vé dru­hy je opí­sa­ný vzo­rec, kto­rý popi­su­je tie­to znaky.

Ich­ty­o­ló­gia je veda zaobe­ra­jú­ca sa rybami.

Trie­da Myxi­ni – Rad Myxi­ni­for­mes – čeľaď Myxinidae

Trie­da Cep­ha­los­pi­do­morp­hi – Rad Pet­ro­my­zon­ti­for­mes – čeľaď Petromyzontidae

Trie­da Elas­mob­ran­chii – Rad Car­char­hi­ni­for­mes – čeľa­de Car­char­hi­ni­dae, Hemi­ga­le­i­dae, Lep­to­cha­ri­i­dae, Pros­cyl­li­dae, Pse­udot­ria­ki­dae, Scy­li­or­hi­ni­dae, Triakidae

  • Rad Hete­ro­don­ti­for­mes – čeľaď Heterodontidae
  • Rad Hexan­chi­for­mes – čeľaď Chla­my­do­se­la­chi­dae, Hexanchidae
  • Rad Lam­ni­for­mes – čeľa­de Alo­pi­i­dae, Cetor­hi­ni­dae, Lam­ni­dae, Mega­chas­mi­dae, Mit­su­ku­ri­ni­dae, Odon­tas­pi­di­dae, Pseudocarchariidae
  • Rad Orec­to­lo­bi­for­mes – čeľa­de Bra­cha­e­lu­ri­dae, Gin­gly­mos­to­ma­ti­dae, Hemis­cyl­li­dae, Orec­to­lo­bi­dae, Paras­cyl­li­dae, Rhin­co­don­ti­dae, Stegostomatidae
  • Rad Pri­sti­op­ho­ri­for­mes – čeľaď Pristiophoridae
  • Rad Raji­for­mes – čeľa­de Dasy­ati­dae, Gym­nu­ri­dae, Hexat­ry­do­ni­dae, Myli­oba­ti­di­dae, Nar­ci­ni­dae, Ple­si­oba­ti­dae, Pri­sti­dae, Raji­dae, Rhi­ni­dae, Rhi­no­ba­ti­dae, Tor­pe­di­ni­dae, Urolophidae
  • Rad Squ­ali­for­mes – čeľa­de Cen­trop­ho­ri­dae, Dala­ti­i­dae, Echi­nor­hi­ni­dae, Squalidae
  • Rad Squ­ati­ni­for­mes – čeľa­de Pri­sti­op­ho­ri­dae, Squatinidae

Trie­da Holo­cep­ha­li – Rad Chi­ma­e­ri­for­mes – čeľa­de Cal­lor­hyn­chi­dae, Chi­ma­e­ri­dae, Rhinochimaeridae

Trie­da Sar­cop­te­ry­gii – Rad Cera­to­don­ti­for­mes – čeľaď Ceratodontidae

  • Rad Coela­cant­hi­for­mes – čeľaď Coelacanthidae
  • Rad Lepi­do­si­re­ni­for­mes – čeľa­de Lepi­do­si­re­ni­dae, Protopteridae

Trie­da Acti­nop­te­ry­gii – Rad Aci­pen­se­ri­for­mes – čeľa­de Aci­pen­se­ri­dae, Polyodontidae

  • Rad Albu­li­for­mes – čeľa­de Albu­li­dae, Halo­sau­ri­dae, Notacanthidae
  • Rad Ami­i­for­mes – čeľa­de Amiidae
  • Rad Angu­il­li­for­mes – čeľa­de Angu­il­li­dae, Colo­con­gri­dae, Con­gri­dae, Dericht­hy­i­dae, Hete­ren­che­ly­i­dae, Chlop­si­dae, Morin­gu­idae, Mura­e­ne­so­ci­dae, Mura­e­ni­dae, Myro­con­gri­dae, Nemicht­hy­i­dae, Net­tas­to­ma­ti­dae, Ophicht­hi­dae, Ser­ri­vo­me­ri­dae, Synaphobranchidae
  • Rad Ate­le­opo­di­for­mes – čeľa­de Ateleopodidae
  • Rad Athe­ri­ni­for­mes – čeľa­de Athe­ri­ni­dae, Bedo­ti­i­dae, Den­tat­he­ri­ni­dae, Mela­no­ta­e­ni­i­dae, Noto­che­i­ri­dae, Phal­los­tet­hi­dae, Pse­udo­mu­gi­li­dae, Telmatherinidae
  • Rad Aulo­pi­for­mes – čeľa­de Ale­pi­sau­ri­dae, Ano­top­te­ri­dae, Aulo­po­di­dae, Ever­man­nel­li­dae, Gigan­tu­ri­dae, Chlo­ropht­hal­mi­dae, Ipno­pi­dae, Noto­su­di­dae, Omo­su­di­dae, Para­le­pi­di­dae, Pse­udot­ri­cho­no­ti­dae, Sco­pe­lar­chi­dae, Synodontidae
  • Rad Bat­ra­cho­idi­for­mes – čeľa­de Batrachoididae
  • Rad Belo­ni­for­mes – čeľa­de Adria­nicht­hy­i­dae, Belo­ni­dae, Exo­co­eti­dae, Hemi­ramp­hi­dae, Scomberesocidae
  • Rad Bery­ci­for­mes – čeľa­de Ano­ma­lo­pi­dae, Anop­lo­gas­tri­dae, Bery­ci­dae, Diret­mi­dae, Holo­cen­tri­dae, Mono­cen­tri­di­dae, Trachichthyidae
  • Rad Clu­pe­i­for­mes – čeľa­de Clu­pe­i­dae, Den­ti­ci­pi­ti­dae, Engrau­li­dae, Chi­ro­cen­tri­dae, Pristigasteridae
  • Rad Cyp­ri­ni­for­mes – čeľa­de Bali­to­ri­dae, Catos­to­mi­dae, Cobi­ti­dae, Cyp­ri­ni­dae, Gyrinocheilidae
  • Rad Cyp­ri­no­don­ti­for­mes – čeľa­de Anab­le­pi­dae, Aplo­che­i­li­dae, Cyp­ri­no­don­ti­dae, Fun­du­li­dae, Goode­i­dae, Poeci­li­i­dae, Pro­fun­du­li­dae, Valenciidae
  • Rad Elo­pi­for­mes – čeľa­de Elo­pi­dae, Megalopidae
  • Rad Eso­ci­for­mes – čeľa­de Eso­ci­dae, Umbridae
  • Rad Gadi­for­mes – čeľa­de Breg­ma­ce­ro­ti­dae, Gadi­dae, Mac­rou­ri­dae, Mac­ru­ro­cyt­ti­dae, Mela­no­ni­dae, Mer­luc­ci­i­dae, Mori­dae, Mura­e­no­le­pi­di­dae, Phy­ci­dae, Steindachneriidae
  • Rad Gas­te­ros­te­i­for­mes – čeľa­de Aulor­hyn­chi­dae, Aulos­to­mi­dae, Cen­tris­ci­dae, Fis­tu­la­ri­i­dae, Gas­te­ros­te­i­dae, Hypop­ty­chi­dae, Indos­to­mi­dae, Mac­ror­hamp­ho­si­dae, Pega­si­dae, Sole­nos­to­mi­dae, Syngnathidae
  • Rad Gono­ryn­chi­for­mes – čeľa­de Gonor­hyn­chi­dae, Cha­ni­dae, Kne­ri­i­dae, Phractolaemidae
  • Rad Gym­no­ti­for­mes – čeľa­de Apte­ro­no­ti­dae, Elect­rop­ho­ri­dae, Gymn­to­ti­dae, Hypo­po­mi­dae, Rhamp­hicht­hy­i­dae, Sternoptychidae
  • Rad Cha­ra­ci­for­mes – čeľa­de Anos­to­mi­dae, Cit­ha­ri­dae, Cte­no­lu­ci­i­dae, Curi­ma­ti­dae, Eryth­ri­ni­dae, Gas­te­ros­te­i­dae, Hemi­odon­ti­dae, Hep­se­ti­dae, Cha­ra­ci­dae, Lebiasinidae
  • Rad Lam­pri­di­for­mes – čeľa­de Lam­pri­di­dae, Lop­ho­ti­dae, Radi­i­cep­ha­li­dae, Rega­le­ci­dae, Sty­lep­ho­ri­dae, Tra­chip­te­ri­dae, Veliferidae
  • Rad Lop­hi­i­for­mes – čeľa­de Anten­na­ri­i­dae, Bra­chi­onicht­hy­i­dae, Cau­loph­ry­ni­dae, Cen­tro­po­mi­dae, Cera­ti­i­dae, Dice­ra­ti­i­dae, Gigan­tac­ti­ni­dae, Himan­to­lop­hi­dae, Chau­na­ci­dae, Linoph­ry­ni­dae, Lop­hi­i­dae, Mela­no­ce­ti­dae, Neoce­ra­ti­i­dae, Ogco­cep­ha­li­dae, One­i­ro­di­dae, Thaumatichthyidae
  • Rad Mugi­li­for­mes – čeľa­de Mugilidae
  • Rad Myc­top­hi­for­mes – čeľa­de Myc­top­hi­dae, Neoscopelidae
  • Rad Ophi­di­i­for­mes – čeľa­de Aphy­o­ni­dae, Byt­hi­ti­dae, Cara­pi­dae, Euc­licht­hy­i­dae, Ophi­di­i­dae, Parab­ro­tu­li­dae, Ranicipitidae
  • Rad Osme­ri­for­mes – čeľa­de Ale­po­cep­ha­li­dae, Argen­ti­ni­dae, Bat­hy­la­gi­dae, Gala­xi­i­dae, Lepi­do­ga­la­xi­i­dae, Lep­to­chi­licht­hy­i­dae, Mic­ros­to­ma­ti­dae, Opist­hog­nat­hi­dae, Osme­ri­dae, Pla­tyt­roc­ti­dae, Retro­pin­ni­dae, Salan­gi­dae, Sundasalangidae
  • Rad Oste­og­los­si­for­mes – čeľa­de Gym­nar­chi­dae, Hiodon­ti­dae, Mor­my­ri­dae, Notop­te­ri­dae, Oste­og­los­si­dae, Pantodontidae
  • Rad Per­ci­for­mes – čeľa­de Acant­hu­ri­dae, Acro­po­ma­ti­dae, Amar­si­pi­dae, Ammo­dy­ti­dae, Ana­ban­ti­dae, Anar­hi­cha­di­dae, Aplo­dac­ty­li­dae, Apo­go­ni­dae, Ari­om­ma­ti­dae, Arri­pi­dae, Ban­jo­si­dae, Bat­hyc­lu­pe­i­dae, Bat­hyd­ra­co­ni­dae, Bat­hy­mas­te­ri­dae, Belo­n­ti­i­dae, Blen­ni­i­dae, Bovicht­hy­i­dae, Bra­mi­dae, Cal­lant­hi­i­dae, Cal­li­ony­mi­dae, Caran­gi­dae, Caris­ti­i­dae, Cen­tra­cant­hi­dae, Cen­trar­chi­dae, Cen­tro­lop­hi­dae, Cen­tro­po­mi­dae, Cepo­li­dae, Cich­li­dae, Cirr­hi­ti­dae, Cli­ni­dae, Cora­ci­ni­dae, Coryp­ha­e­ni­dae, Cre­e­di­i­dae, Cryp­ta­cant­ho­di­dae, Dac­ty­los­co­pi­dae, Dino­les­ti­dae, Dino­per­ci­dae, Dra­co­net­ti­dae, Dre­pa­ni­dae, Eche­ne­i­di­dae, Elas­so­ma­ti­dae, Ele­ot­ri­dae, Embi­oto­ci­dae, Emme­licht­hy­i­dae, Enop­lo­si­dae, Ephip­pi­dae, Epi­go­ni­dae, Gem­py­li­dae, Ger­re­i­dae, Glau­co­so­ma­ti­dae, Gobie­so­ci­dae, Gobi­i­dae, Gram­ma­ti­dae, Hae­mu­li­dae, Har­pa­gi­fe­ri­dae, Helos­to­ma­ti­dae, Cha­e­nop­si­dae, Cha­e­to­don­ti­dae, Cham­pso­don­ti­dae, Chan­di­dae, Chan­ni­dae, Chan­nicht­hy­i­dae, Che­i­lo­dac­ty­li­dae, Che­i­marr­hicht­hy­i­dae, Chias­mo­don­ti­dae, Chi­ro­ne­mi­dae, Icos­te­i­dae, Iner­mi­i­dae, Kra­e­me­ri­i­dae, Kuh­li­i­dae, Kur­ti­dae, Kyp­ho­si­dae, Lab­ri­dae, Lab­ri­so­mi­dae, Lac­ta­ri­i­dae, Lat­ri­dae, Lei­og­nat­hi­dae, Lep­tob­ra­mi­dae, Lep­tos­co­pi­dae, Leth­ri­ni­dae, Lobo­ti­dae, Luci­ocep­ha­li­dae, Lut­ja­ni­dae, Luva­ri­dae, Mala­cant­hi­dae, Meni­dae, Mic­ro­des­mi­dae, Mono­dac­ty­li­dae, Mul­li­dae, Nan­di­dae, Nema­tis­ti­i­dae, Nemip­te­ri­dae, Nome­i­dae, Notog­rap­ti­dae, Notot­he­ni­i­dae, Oda­ci­dae, Odon­to­bu­ti­dae, Opist­hog­nat­hi­dae, Opleg­nat­hi­dae, Osph­ro­ne­mi­dae, Ostra­co­be­ry­ci­dae, Pemp­he­ri­di­dae, Pen­ta­ce­ro­ti­dae, Per­ci­dae, Per­cicht­hy­i­dae, Per­cop­hi­dae, Pho­li­dae, Pho­li­dicht­hy­i­dae, Pin­gu­ipe­di­dae, Ple­si­opi­dae, Poly­ne­mi­dae, Poma­cant­hi­dae, Poma­cen­tri­dae, Poma­to­mi­dae, Pria­cant­hi­dae, Pse­udoc­hro­mi­dae, Pti­licht­hy­i­dae, Rachy­cen­tri­dae, Rhy­acicht­hy­i­dae, Sca­ri­dae, Sca­top­ha­gi­dae, Scia­e­ni­dae, Scom­bri­dae, Scom­bro­lab­ra­ci­dae, Scy­ta­li­ni­dae, Ser­ra­ni­dae, Schind­le­ri­i­dae, Siga­ni­dae, Sil­la­gi­ni­dae, Spa­ri­dae, Sphy­ra­e­ni­dae, Sti­cha­e­i­dae, Stro­ma­te­i­dae, Tera­po­ni­dae, Tet­ra­go­nu­ri­dae, Toxo­ti­dae, Tra­chi­ni­dae, Tri­chiu­ri­dae, Tri­cho­don­ti­dae, Tri­cho­no­ti­dae, Trip­te­ry­gi­i­dae, Ura­nos­co­pi­dae, Xenisth­mi­dae, Xip­hi­i­dae, Zanc­li­dae, Zapro­ri­dae, Zoarcidae
  • Rad Per­cop­si­for­mes – čeľa­de Ambly­op­si­dae, Aph­re­do­de­ri­dae, Percopsidae
  • Rad Ple­uro­nec­ti­for­mes – čeľa­de Achi­ri­dae, Achi­rop­set­ti­dae, Bot­hi­dae, Cit­ha­ri­dae, Cynog­los­si­dae, Para­licht­hy­i­dae, Ple­uro­nec­ti­dae, Pset­to­di­dae, Sama­ri­dae, Scopht­hal­mi­dae, Soleidae
  • Rad Poly­mi­xi­i­for­mes – čeľaď Polymixiidae
  • Rad Polyp­te­ri­for­mes – čeľaď Polypteridae
  • Rad Sac­cop­ha­ryn­gi­for­mes – čeľa­de Cyema­ti­dae, Euryp­ha­ryn­gi­dae, Monog­nat­hi­dae, Saccopharyngidae
  • Rad Sal­mo­ni­for­mes – čeľa­de Salmonidae
  • Rad Scor­pa­e­ni­for­mes – čeľa­de Abys­so­cot­ti­dae, Ago­ni­dae, Anop­lo­po­ma­ti­dae, Aplo­ac­ti­ni­dae, Bem­bri­dae, Cara­cant­hi­dae, Comep­ho­ri­dae, Con­gi­opo­di­dae, Cot­ti­dae, Cyc­lop­te­ri­dae, Dac­ty­los­co­pi­dae, Ere­uni­i­dae, Gnat­ha­na­cant­hi­dae, Hemit­rip­te­ri­dae, Hexa­gram­mi­dae, Hop­licht­hy­i­dae, Lipa­ri­dae, Nor­ma­nicht­hy­i­dae, Pata­e­ci­dae, Pla­ty­cep­ha­li­dae, Psych­ro­lu­ti­dae, Psych­ro­lu­ti­dae, Rhamp­ho­cot­ti­dae, Scor­pa­e­ni­dae, Triglidae
  • Rad Semi­ono­ti­for­mes – čeľaď Lepisosteidae
  • Rad Silu­ri­for­mes – čeľa­de Age­ne­i­osi­dae, Aky­si­dae, Ambly­ci­pi­ti­dae, Amp­hi­li­i­dae, Ari­i­dae, Aspre­di­ni­dae, Astro­b­le­pi­dae, Auche­nip­te­ri­dae, Bag­ri­dae, Cal­licht­hy­i­dae, Cetop­si­dae, Cla­ri­i­dae, Cra­nog­la­ni­di­dae, Dip­lo­mys­ti­dae, Dora­di­dae, Helo­ge­ni­dae, Hete­rop­ne­us­ti­dae, Hypopht­hal­mi­dae, Cha­ci­dae, Icta­lu­ri­dae, Lori­ca­ri­i­dae, Malap­te­ru­ri­dae, Mocho­ki­dae, Nema­to­ge­ny­i­dae, Oly­ri­dae, Pan­ga­si­i­dae, Para­ky­si­dae, Pime­lo­di­dae, Plo­to­si­dae, Sco­lop­la­ci­dae, Schil­bi­dae, Silu­ri­dae, Siso­ri­dae, Trichomycteridae
  • Rad Step­ha­no­be­ry­ci­for­mes – čeľa­de Bar­bou­ri­si­i­dae, Ceto­mi­mi­dae, Gib­be­richt­hy­i­dae, His­pi­do­be­ry­ci­dae, Mega­lo­myc­te­ri­dae, Melamp­hai­dae, Mira­pin­ni­dae, Ron­de­le­ti­i­dae, Stephanoberycidae,
  • Rad Sto­mi­i­for­mes – čeľa­de Gonos­to­ma­ti­dae, Pho­ticht­hy­i­dae, Ster­nop­ty­chi­dae, Stomiidae,
  • Rad Synb­ran­chi­for­mes – čeľa­de Chaud­hu­ri­i­dae, Mas­ta­cem­be­li­dae, Synbranchidae
  • Rad Tet­ra­odon­ti­for­mes – čeľa­de Balis­ti­dae, Diodon­ti­dae, Moli­dae, Mona­cant­hi­dae, Ostra­ci­i­dae, Tet­ra­odon­ti­dae, Tria­cant­hi­dae, Triodontidae
  • Rad Zei­for­mes – čeľa­de Cap­ro­idae, Gram­mi­co­le­pi­di­dae, Mac­ru­ro­cyt­ti­dae, Ore­oso­ma­ti­dae, Para­ze­ni­dae, Zeidae

Mäk­ký­še – Mollusca

Kmeň Mol­lus­ca – Pod­kmeň Amp­hi­ne­ura – Trie­da Apla­cop­ho­ra (Sole­no­gas­tres), Polyplacophora

Pod­kmeň Con­chi­fe­ra – Trie­da Monop­la­coph­ho­ra, Scaphopoda

Trie­da Gas­tro­po­da – Pod­trie­da Pro­sob­ran­chia – Rad Archa­e­ogas­tro­po­da – čeľaď Poma­ti­dae, Viviparidae

Pod­trie­da Opis­tob­ran­chia – Pod­trie­da Pul­mo­na­ta – Rad Basom­ma­top­ho­ra – čeľaď Acro­lo­xi­dae, Ancy­li­dae, Phy­si­dae, Lym­na­e­i­dae, Planrobidae

  • Rad Sty­lom­ma­top­ho­ra

Trie­da Lamel­lib­ran­chia (Bival­via) – Pod­trie­da Pale­ota­xo­don­ta (Pro­tob­ran­chia), Cryp­to­don­ta, Pte­ri­omorp­ha (Ani­so­my­aria, Toxo­don­ta, Filib­ran­chia), Schi­zo­don­ta (Uni­ono­idea),

Pod­trie­da Hete­ro­don­ta – Rad Euala­me­lib­ran­chia – čeľaď Sphaeriidae

Pod­trie­da Ada­pe­don­ta, Ano­ma­lo­des­ma­ta, Septibranchia

Trie­da Cep­ha­lo­po­da (hla­vo­nož­ce) – Pod­trie­da Tet­rab­ra­chia – Rad Nauti­lo­idea, Ammonoidea

Pod­trie­da Dib­ra­chia – Rad Belemnoidea

  • Rad Decab­ran­chia – Pod­rad Teut­ho­ide (kal­ma­ry), Sepi­oidea (sépie)
  • Rad Vam­py­ro­morp­ha, Octob­ra­chia (cho­bot­ni­ce)

Vod­né rastliny

Ved­ný odbor zaobe­ra­jú­ci sa rast­li­na­mi sa nazý­va bota­ni­ka.

Odde­le­nie Bry­op­hy­ta – machy – čeľaď Ricciaceae

Odde­le­nie Lyco­po­di­op­hy­ta – čeľaď IsoÁtacea

Odde­le­nie Equ­ise­top­hy­ta – pras­lič­ky – čeľaď Equisetaceae

Odde­le­nie Poly­po­di­op­hy­ta – pla­vú­ne – čeľaď Dry­op­te­ri­da­ce­ae, Mar­si­le­a­ce­ae, Osmun­da­ce­ae, Thelypteridaceae

Odde­le­nie Pinop­hy­ta – boro­vi­co­ras­ty – čeľaď Pina­ce­ae, Taxodiaceae

Odde­le­nie Mag­no­li­op­hy­ta – Dvoj­klíč­no­lis­té – čeľaď Ace­ra­ce­ae, Aizo­dia­ce­ae, Ama­rant­ha­ce­ae, Ana­car­dia­ce­ae, Apia­ce­ae, Aqu­ifo­lia­ce­ae, Asc­le­pia­da­ce­ae, Aste­ra­ce­ae ‑astro­vi­té, Bal­sa­mi­na­ce­ae, Betu­la­ce­ae – bre­zo­vi­té, Bora­gi­na­ce­ae, Bras­si­ca­ce­ae – kapus­to­vi­té, Cabom­ba­ce­ae, Cal­lit­ri­cha­ce­ae, Cam­pa­nu­la­ce­ae – zvon­če­ko­vi­té, Cap­ri­fo­lia­ce­ae, Cary­op­hyl­la­ce­ae, Cera­top­hyl­la­ce­ae, Che­no­po­dia­ce­ae, Cleth­ra­ce­ae, Cor­na­ce­ae, Cus­cu­ta­ce­ae, Dro­se­ra­ce­ae – rosič­ko­vi­té, Ela­ti­na­ce­ae, Eri­ca­ce­ae, Gen­tia­na­ce­ae – hor­co­vi­té, Halo­ra­ga­ce­ae, Hype­ri­ca­ce­ae, Lamia­ce­ae – hlu­chav­ko­vi­té, Len­ti­bu­la­ria­ce­ae, Lyth­ra­ce­ae, Mal­va­ce­ae, Myri­ca­ce­ae, Nelum­bo­na­ce­ae, Nymp­ha­e­a­ce­ae – lek­no­vi­té, Onag­ra­ce­ae, Plan­ta­gi­na­ce­ae, Plum­ba­gi­na­ce­ae, Podos­te­ma­ce­ae, Poly­ga­la­ce­ae, Poly­go­na­ce­ae, Pri­mu­la­ce­ae – prvo­sien­ko­vi­té, Ranun­cu­la­ce­ae – isker­ní­ko­vi­té, Rosa­ce­ae – ružo­vi­té, Rubia­ce­ae, Sali­ca­ce­ae – vŕbo­vi­té, Sar­ra­ce­nia­ce­ae, Sau­ru­ra­ce­ae, Saxif­ra­ga­ce­ae, Scrop­hu­la­ria­ce­ae, Sola­na­ce­ae – ľuľ­ko­vi­té, Tra­pa­ce­ae, Urti­ca­ce­ae, Ver­be­na­ce­ae, Viola­ce­ae – fialkovité

Jed­nok­líč­no­lis­té – čeľaď Aco­ra­ce­ae, Alis­ma­ta­ce­ae, Ara­ce­ae, Cype­ra­ce­ae, Eri­ocau­la­ce­ae, Hyd­ro­cha­ri­ta­ce­ae, Iri­da­ce­ae, Jun­ca­ce­ae, Jun­ca­gi­na­ce­ae, Lem­na­ce­ae, Lim­no­cha­ri­ta­ce­ae, Naja­da­ce­ae, Orchi­da­ce­ae, Poace­ae, Pon­te­de­ria­ce­ae, Pota­mo­ge­to­na­ce­ae, Rup­pia­ce­ae, Spar­ga­nia­ce­ae, Typ­ha­ce­ae, Xyri­da­ce­ae, Zan­ni­chel­lia­ce­ae, Zosteraceae


Niž­šie rast­li­ny – ria­sy – Algae

Ria­sa­mi sa vedec­ky zaobe­rá bota­ni­ka pre­to­že sú to rast­li­ny, pre roz­lí­še­nie od odbor­ní­kov na vyš­šie rast­li­ny algo­ló­gia.

Ode­le­nie Glaucophyta

Odde­le­nie Rho­dop­hy­ta – čer­ve­né ria­sy – Trie­da Rho­dop­hy­ce­ae – Pod­trie­da Ban­gi­op­hy­ci­dae – Rad Porp­hy­ri­dia­les, Bangiale

Pod­trie­da Flo­ri­de­op­hy­ci­dae – Rad Bat­ra­chos­per­ma­les, Coral­li­na­les, Cera­mia­les, Gigartinales

Odde­le­nie Hete­ro­kon­top­hy­ta – rôz­no­bi­čí­ka­té ria­sy – Trie­da Chry­sop­hy­ce­ae – žlto­hne­dé ria­sy – Pod­trie­da Chry­sop­hi­ci­dae – Rad Ochro­mo­na­da­les, Chry­sa­mo­eba­les, Hyd­ru­ra­les, Chry­sosp­ha­e­ra­les, Pha­e­ot­ham­nia­les, Par­ma­les, Chry­so­me­ri­da­les, Chrysomanadales

Trie­da Xan­top­hy­ce­ae – Rad Hete­roch­lo­ri­da­les, Bot­ry­dia­les, Rhi­zoch­lo­ri­da­les, Mis­cho­coc­ca­les, Tri­bo­ne­ma­ta­les, Vaucheriales

Trie­da Bacil­la­ri­op­hy­ce­ae (Dia­to­mae) – roz­siev­ky – Rad Naviculales

Pod­trie­da Cos­ci­no­dis­cop­hy­ci­de­ae – Rad Coscinodiscales

Pod­trie­da Fra­gil­la­ri­op­hy­ci­de­ae – Pod­rad Araphidinae

Pod­trie­da Bacil­la­ri­op­hy­ci­de­ae – Pod­rad Mono­rap­hi­di­ne­ae, Biraphidineae

  • Rad Ach­nant­ha­les, Rad Eunotiales

Trie­da Pha­e­op­hy­cae – hne­dé ria­sy, cha­lu­hy – Rad Ecto­car­pa­les, Dic­ty­o­ta­les, Lami­na­ria­les, Fucales

Trie­da Rhap­hi­di­op­hy­ce­ae – zelenivky

Trie­da Synu­rop­hy­ce­ae – Rad Synurales

Trie­da Dic­ty­o­chop­hy­ce­ae – Rad Pedi­nel­la­les, Dictyochales

Trie­da Pelagophyceae

Trie­da Eustigmatophyceae

Odde­le­nie Dinop­hy­ta – Trie­da Dinop­hy­ce­ae – Rad Peri­di­nia­les, Gony­au­la­ca­les, Gymnodiniales

Odde­le­nie Cryp­top­hy­ta – Trie­da Cryp­top­hy­ce­ae – Rad Goni­omo­na­da­les, Cryp­to­mo­na­da­les, Chroomonadales

Odde­le­nie Hap­top­hy­ta (Pri­mne­si­op­hy­ta) – Trie­da Hap­top­hy­ce­ae – Rad Pri­mne­sia­les, Coccolithophoridales

Odde­le­nie Eug­le­nop­hy­ta – Trie­da Eug­le­nop­hy­ce­ae – Rad Eut­rep­tia­les, Eug­le­na­les, Heteronematales

Odde­le­nie Chlo­rop­hy­ta – zele­né ria­sy – Trie­da Prasinophyceae

Trie­da Chla­my­dop­hy­ce­ae – Rad Chla­my­do­mo­na­da­les, Vol­vo­ca­les, Tetra­spo­ra­les, Chlorococcales

Trie­da Chlo­rop­hy­ce­ae – zele­niv­ky – Rad Duna­liel­la­les, Glo­eoden­dra­les, Chlo­rel­la­les, Pro­to­sip­ho­na­les, Mic­ro­spo­ra­les, Oedo­go­nia­les, Chaetophorales

Trie­da Pleurastrophyceae

Trie­da Ulvop­hy­ce­ae – Rad Ulot­ri­cha­les, Cla­dop­ho­ra­les, Cau­ler­pa­les (Bry­op­si­da­les), Dasyc­la­da­les, Trentepohliales

Trie­da Zyg­ne­ma­top­hy­ce­ae (Con­ju­ga­top­hy­ce­ae) – spá­jav­ky – Rad Zygnematales

  • Rad Des­mi­dia­les – Pod­rad Archi­des­mi­di­i­ne­ae, Desmisiineae

Trie­da Cha­rop­hy­ce­ae – parož­nat­ky – Rad Kleb­sor­mi­dia­les, Cole­ocha­e­ta­les, Charales

Odde­le­nie Chlorarachniophyta


Sini­ce

Sini­ce pat­ria medzi Pro­ka­ry­o­ta. Ria­sy, vyš­šie rast­li­ny, živo­čí­chy pat­ria medzi euka­ry­o­tic­ké orga­niz­my (ide o prin­ci­piál­ne inú stav­bu bunky)

Sini­ciam sa čas­to vra­ví aj mod­ro­ze­le­né ria­sy, prí­pad­ne mod­rá riasa.

Ode­le­nie Cyanop­hy­ta (Cyano­bac­te­ria) – sini­ce – Trie­da Cyanop­hy­ce­ae – sini­ce – Rady Chro­ococ­ca­les, Cha­ma­e­sip­ho­na­les, Nos­to­ca­les, Oscil­la­to­ria­les, Stigonemiales


Fish

Fish – Oste­icht­hy­es belo­ngs to the subp­hy­lum Ver­teb­ra­ta, phy­lum Chor­da­ta. The lar­gest fami­lies inc­lu­de Gobi­i­dae, Cyp­ri­ni­dae, Cich­li­dae, Lab­ri­dae, Lori­ca­ri­i­dae. Vari­ous opi­ni­ons among experts exist regar­ding the clas­si­fi­ca­ti­on into indi­vi­du­al groups, gene­ral­ly deci­ded based on meris­tic cha­rac­ters such as the num­ber of rays in the fins, and the num­ber of sca­les. Each spe­cies has a desc­ri­bed pat­tern that out­li­nes the­se characteristics.

Icht­hy­o­lo­gy is the scien­ce dea­ling with fish.

Class Myxi­ni – Order Myxi­ni­for­mes – fami­ly Myxinidae

Class Cep­ha­los­pi­do­morp­hi – Order Pet­ro­my­zon­ti­for­mes – fami­ly Petromyzontidae

Class Elas­mob­ran­chii – Order Car­char­hi­ni­for­mes – fami­lies Car­char­hi­ni­dae, Hemi­ga­le­i­dae, Lep­to­cha­ri­i­dae, Pros­cyl­li­dae, Pse­udot­ria­ki­dae, Scy­li­or­hi­ni­dae, Triakidae

Order Hete­ro­don­ti­for­mes – fami­ly Heterodontidae
Order Hexan­chi­for­mes – fami­lies Chla­my­do­se­la­chi­dae, Hexanchidae
Order Lam­ni­for­mes – fami­lies Alo­pi­i­dae, Cetor­hi­ni­dae, Lam­ni­dae, Mega­chas­mi­dae, Mit­su­ku­ri­ni­dae, Odon­tas­pi­di­dae, Pseudocarchariidae
Order Orec­to­lo­bi­for­mes – fami­lies Bra­cha­e­lu­ri­dae, Gin­gly­mos­to­ma­ti­dae, Hemis­cyl­li­dae, Orec­to­lo­bi­dae, Paras­cyl­li­dae, Rhin­co­don­ti­dae, Stegostomatidae
Order Pri­sti­op­ho­ri­for­mes – fami­ly Pristiophoridae
Order Raji­for­mes – fami­lies Dasy­ati­dae, Gym­nu­ri­dae, Hexat­ry­do­ni­dae, Myli­oba­ti­di­dae, Nar­ci­ni­dae, Ple­si­oba­ti­dae, Pri­sti­dae, Raji­dae, Rhi­ni­dae, Rhi­no­ba­ti­dae, Tor­pe­di­ni­dae, Urolophidae
Order Squ­ali­for­mes – fami­lies Cen­trop­ho­ri­dae, Dala­ti­i­dae, Echi­nor­hi­ni­dae, Squalidae
Order Squ­ati­ni­for­mes – fami­lies Pri­sti­op­ho­ri­dae, Squatinidae

Class Holo­cep­ha­li – Order Chi­ma­e­ri­for­mes – fami­lies Cal­lor­hyn­chi­dae, Chi­ma­e­ri­dae, Rhinochimaeridae

Class Sar­cop­te­ry­gii – Order Cera­to­don­ti­for­mes – fami­ly Ceratodontidae

Order Coela­cant­hi­for­mes – fami­ly Coelacanthidae
Order Lepi­do­si­re­ni­for­mes – fami­lies Lepi­do­si­re­ni­dae, Protopteridae

Class Acti­nop­te­ry­gii – Order Aci­pen­se­ri­for­mes – fami­lies Aci­pen­se­ri­dae, Polyodontidae

Order Albu­li­for­mes – fami­lies Albu­li­dae, Halo­sau­ri­dae, Notacanthidae
Order Ami­i­for­mes – fami­ly Amiidae
Order Angu­il­li­for­mes – fami­lies Angu­il­li­dae, Colo­con­gri­dae, Con­gri­dae, Dericht­hy­i­dae, Hete­ren­che­ly­i­dae, Chlop­si­dae, Morin­gu­idae, Mura­e­ne­so­ci­dae, Mura­e­ni­dae, Myro­con­gri­dae, Nemicht­hy­i­dae, Net­tas­to­ma­ti­dae, Ophicht­hi­dae, Ser­ri­vo­me­ri­dae, Synaphobranchidae
Order Ate­le­opo­di­for­mes – fami­ly Ateleopodidae
Order Athe­ri­ni­for­mes – fami­lies Athe­ri­ni­dae, Bedo­ti­i­dae, Den­tat­he­ri­ni­dae, Mela­no­ta­e­ni­i­dae, Noto­che­i­ri­dae, Phal­los­tet­hi­dae, Pse­udo­mu­gi­li­dae, Telmatherinidae
Order Aulo­pi­for­mes – fami­lies Ale­pi­sau­ri­dae, Ano­top­te­ri­dae, Aulo­po­di­dae, Ever­man­nel­li­dae, Gigan­tu­ri­dae, Chlo­ropht­hal­mi­dae, Ipno­pi­dae, Noto­su­di­dae, Omo­su­di­dae, Para­le­pi­di­dae, Pse­udot­ri­cho­no­ti­dae, Sco­pe­lar­chi­dae, Synodontidae
Order Bat­ra­cho­idi­for­mes – fami­ly Batrachoididae
Order Belo­ni­for­mes – fami­lies Adria­nicht­hy­i­dae, Belo­ni­dae, Exo­co­eti­dae, Hemi­ramp­hi­dae, Scomberesocidae
Order Bery­ci­for­mes – fami­lies Ano­ma­lo­pi­dae, Anop­lo­gas­tri­dae, Bery­ci­dae, Diret­mi­dae, Holo­cen­tri­dae, Mono­cen­tri­di­dae, Trachichthyidae
Order Clu­pe­i­for­mes – fami­lies Clu­pe­i­dae, Den­ti­ci­pi­ti­dae, Engrau­li­dae, Chi­ro­cen­tri­dae, Pristigasteridae
Order Cyp­ri­ni­for­mes – fami­lies Bali­to­ri­dae, Catos­to­mi­dae, Cobi­ti­dae, Cyp­ri­ni­dae, Gyrinocheilidae
Order Cyp­ri­no­don­ti­for­mes – fami­lies Anab­le­pi­dae, Aplo­che­i­li­dae, Cyp­ri­no­don­ti­dae, Fun­du­li­dae, Goode­i­dae, Poeci­li­i­dae, Pro­fun­du­li­dae, Valenciidae
Order Elo­pi­for­mes – fami­lies Elo­pi­dae, Megalopidae
Order Eso­ci­for­mes – fami­lies Eso­ci­dae, Umbridae
Order Gadi­for­mes – fami­lies Breg­ma­ce­ro­ti­dae, Gadi­dae, Mac­rou­ri­dae, Mac­ru­ro­cyt­ti­dae, Mela­no­ni­dae, Mer­luc­ci­i­dae, Mori­dae, Mura­e­no­le­pi­di­dae, Phy­ci­dae, Steindachneriidae
Order Gas­te­ros­te­i­for­mes – fami­lies Aulor­hyn­chi­dae, Aulos­to­mi­dae, Cen­tris­ci­dae, Fis­tu­la­ri­i­dae, Gas­te­ros­te­i­dae, Hypop­ty­chi­dae, Indos­to­mi­dae, Mac­ror­hamp­ho­si­dae, Pega­si­dae, Sole­nos­to­mi­dae, Syngnathidae
Order Gono­ryn­chi­for­mes – fami­lies Gonor­hyn­chi­dae, Cha­ni­dae, Kne­ri­i­dae, Phractolaemidae
Order Gym­no­ti­for­mes – fami­lies Apte­ro­no­ti­dae, Elect­rop­ho­ri­dae, Gymn­to­ti­dae, Hypo­po­mi­dae, Rhamp­hicht­hy­i­dae, Sternoptychidae
Order Cha­ra­ci­for­mes – fami­lies Anos­to­mi­dae, Cit­ha­ri­dae, Cte­no­lu­ci­i­dae, Curi­ma­ti­dae, Eryth­ri­ni­dae, Gas­te­ros­te­i­dae, Hemi­odon­ti­dae, Hep­se­ti­dae, Cha­ra­ci­dae, Lebiasinidae
Order Lam­pri­di­for­mes – fami­lies Lam­pri­di­dae, Lop­ho­ti­dae, Radi­i­cep­ha­li­dae, Rega­le­ci­dae, Sty­lep­ho­ri­dae, Trachipteridae
Order Lop­hi­i­for­mes – fami­lies Anten­na­ri­i­dae, Cera­ti­i­dae, Chau­na­ci­dae, Dice­ra­ti­i­dae, Gigan­tac­ti­ni­dae, Himan­to­lop­hi­dae, Linoph­ry­ni­dae, Lop­hi­i­dae, Mela­no­ce­ti­dae, Neoce­ra­ti­i­dae, One­i­ro­di­dae, Thaumatichthyidae
Order Mugi­li­for­mes – fami­lies Mugi­li­dae, Myxodipteridae
Order Osme­ri­for­mes – fami­lies Argen­ti­ni­dae, Bat­hy­la­gi­dae, Gala­xi­i­dae, Mor­da­ci­i­dae, Osme­ri­dae, Ple­cog­los­si­dae, Retro­pin­ni­dae, Salan­gi­dae, Sal­ve­li­ni­dae, Scom­bre­so­ci­dae, Stichaeidae
Order Oste­og­los­si­for­mes – fami­lies Ara­pai­mi­dae, Hete­ro­ti­di­dae, Icht­hy­o­dec­ti­dae, Mor­my­ri­dae, Notop­te­ri­dae, Oste­og­los­si­dae, Pan­to­don­ti­dae, Phrac­to­la­e­mi­dae, Pseudecheneidae
Order Per­ci­for­mes – fami­lies Acro­po­ma­ti­dae, Acant­ho­chi­ri­dae, Acant­ho­pa­gi­dae, Acant­hu­ri­dae, Apo­go­ni­dae, Arri­pi­dae, Ban­jo­si­dae, Bat­hyc­lu­pe­i­dae, Bra­mi­dae, Cap­ro­idae, Caris­ti­i­dae, Cen­tro­ge­ny­i­dae, Cen­trar­chi­dae, Cha­e­to­don­ti­dae, Chan­nicht­hy­i­dae, Che­i­lo­dac­ty­li­dae, Chi­ro­ne­mi­dae, Chi­ro­no­mi­dae, Cirr­hi­ti­dae, Con­gi­opo­di­dae, Coryp­ha­e­ni­dae, Cre­to­lam­nae, Cich­li­dae, Dre­pa­ne­i­dae, Ephip­pi­dae, Gem­py­li­dae, Ger­re­i­dae, Gram­ma­ti­dae, Hae­mu­li­dae, Heme­ro­co­eti­dae, Holo­cen­tri­dae, Indot­ria­cant­hi­dae, Kyp­ho­si­dae, Lab­ri­dae, Lei­og­nat­hi­dae, Leth­ri­ni­dae, Lobo­ti­dae, Mala­cant­hi­dae, Meni­dae, Mono­dac­ty­li­dae, Moro­ni­dae, Mul­li­dae, Nan­di­dae, Nome­i­dae, Notot­he­ni­i­dae, Opleg­nat­hi­dae, Ore­oso­ma­ti­dae, Osph­ro­ne­mi­dae, Ostra­co­be­ry­ci­dae, Ostra­ci­i­dae, Pemp­he­ri­dae, Pen­ta­ce­ro­ti­dae, Per­cai­dae, Per­cicht­hy­i­dae, Pin­gu­ipe­di­dae, Poly­ne­mi­dae, Poma­cant­hi­dae, Poma­cen­tri­dae, Poma­to­mi­dae, Pria­cant­hi­dae, Pri­cant­hi­dae, Pse­udoc­hro­mi­dae, Pse­udoc­ryp­top­te­ry­gi­dae, Rachy­cen­tri­dae, Rap­hi­di­i­dae, Rhamp­ho­cot­ti­dae, Rhi­noc­ryp­ti­dae, Sca­top­ha­gi­dae, Scom­bri­dae, Scopht­hal­mi­dae, Scor­pa­e­ni­dae, Ser­ra­ni­dae, Siga­ni­dae, Sini­per­ci­dae, Spa­ri­dae, Sphy­ra­e­ni­dae, Syno­don­ti­dae, Tera­pon­ti­dae, Tet­ra­odon­ti­dae, Toxo­ti­dae, Tra­chicht­hy­i­dae, Tri­cho­don­ti­dae, Ura­nos­co­pi­dae, Xiphionodontidae
Order Ple­uro­nec­ti­for­mes – fami­lies Achi­rop­set­ti­dae, Bot­hi­dae, Cit­ha­ri­dae, Para­licht­hy­i­dae, Ple­uro­nec­ti­dae, Poeci­lop­set­ti­dae, Sama­ri­dae, Soleidae
Order Pri­ono­ti­for­mes – fami­ly Prionotidae
Order Raji­for­mes – fami­lies Arhyn­cho­ba­ti­dae, Dasy­ati­dae, Gur­ge­siel­li­dae, Hexat­ry­go­ni­dae, Ple­si­oba­ti­dae, Pla­tyr­hi­ni­dae, Pota­mot­ry­go­ni­dae, Pri­sti­dae, Raji­dae, Rhi­no­ba­ti­dae, Rhi­no­car­di­ni­dae, Rhyn­cho­ba­ti­dae, Urot­ry­go­ni­dae, Urolophidae
Order Sal­mo­ni­for­mes – fami­lies Ale­po­cep­ha­li­dae, Argen­ti­ni­dae, Bat­hy­la­gi­dae, Bat­hy­lu­ticht­hy­i­dae, Chlo­ropht­hal­mi­dae, Chau­li­odon­ti­dae, Den­ti­ci­pi­ti­dae, Ever­man­nel­li­dae, Ipno­pi­dae, Lep­to­chi­licht­hy­i­dae, Mori­dae, Opist­hop­roc­ti­dae, Osme­ri­dae, Para­le­pi­di­dae, Retro­pin­ni­dae, Salan­gi­dae, Sal­mo­ni­dae, Scor­pa­e­ni­dae, Sti­cha­e­i­dae, Synap­hob­ran­chi­dae, Trachipteridae
Order Scor­pa­e­ni­for­mes – fami­lies Ago­ni­dae, Apis­ti­dae, Arte­did­ra­co­ni­dae, Bat­hyd­ra­co­ni­dae, Both­ri­oni­dae, Cot­tun­cu­li­dae, Cryp­ta­cant­ho­di­dae, Cyc­lop­te­ri­dae, Dra­co­net­ti­dae, Ebi­na­niae, Hemit­rip­te­ri­dae, Hexa­gram­mi­dae, Lipa­ri­dae, Lum­pe­ni­dae, Nemiar­chi­dae, Plect­ro­ge­ni­i­dae, Psych­ro­lu­ti­dae, Rhamp­ho­cot­ti­dae, Sco­pa­e­ni­dae, Sebas­ti­dae, Setar­chi­dae, Synan­ce­i­i­dae, Trig­li­dae, Zanclorhynchidae
Order Silu­ri­for­mes – fami­lies Ambly­ci­pi­ti­dae, Ancha­ri­i­dae, Ari­i­dae, Aspre­di­ni­dae, Astro­b­le­pi­dae, Bag­ri­dae, Cal­licht­hy­i­dae, Cetop­si­dae, Cha­ci­dae, Cla­ro­te­i­dae, Cla­ri­i­dae, Dip­lo­mys­ti­dae, Dora­di­dae, Hep­tap­te­ri­dae, Hete­rop­ne­us­ti­dae, Hora­bag­ri­dae, Icta­lu­ri­dae, Lori­ca­ri­i­dae, Malap­te­ru­ri­dae, Mocho­ki­dae, Nema­to­ge­ny­i­dae, Pan­ga­si­dae, Para­ky­si­dae, Pime­lo­di­dae, Plo­to­si­dae, Pse­udo­pi­me­lo­di­dae, Schil­be­i­dae, Sco­lop­la­ci­dae, Siso­ri­dae, Trichomycteridae
Order Sto­mi­i­for­mes – fami­lies Gonos­to­ma­ti­dae, Idia­cant­hi­dae, Mala­cos­te­i­dae, Mela­nos­to­mi­i­dae, Pho­ticht­hy­i­dae, Stomiidae
Order Synb­ran­chi­for­mes – fami­ly Synbranchidae
Order Tet­ra­odon­ti­for­mes – fami­lies Balis­ti­dae, Diodon­ti­dae, Mona­cant­hi­dae, Ostra­ci­i­dae, Tetraodontidae
Order Zoar­ci­for­mes – fami­lies Anar­hi­cha­di­dae, Bat­hy­mas­te­ri­dae, Cryp­ta­cant­ho­di­dae, Zoarcidae

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2006-2010, 2007, 2008, 2009, Atlasy, Časová línia, Mäkkýše, Organizmy, Príroda, Živočíchy

Vodné ulitníky a lastúrniky

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V nádr­žiach sa väč­ši­nou cho­va­jú ulit­ní­ky – Gas­tro­po­da, v men­šej mie­re aj las­túr­ni­ky Lamel­lib­ran­chia (Bival­via). Ďal­šie trie­dy Monop­la­coph­ho­ra, Scap­ho­po­da Cep­ha­lo­po­da (hla­vo­nož­ce) nie. Pat­ria však medzi mäk­ký­še. V tej­to akva­ris­tic­kej sek­cii uva­žu­jem iba o vod­ných dru­hoch, sucho­zem­ské sú pred­me­tom skôr teraristiky.

Pojem sli­má­ky je čas­to pou­ží­va­ný. Nepou­ží­va sa cel­kom správ­ne, mali by sme vra­vieť o ulit­ní­koch, dokon­ca aj o las­túr­ni­koch. Ulit­ní­ky plnia v akvá­riu aj fun­kciu kon­zu­men­tov nespot­re­bo­va­nej hmo­ty – hni­jú­cich lis­tov, nespot­re­bo­va­ných zbyt­kov potra­vy, uhy­nu­tých rýb, iných orga­nic­kých zbyt­kov. Čas­to je ich čin­nosť žia­du­ca naj­mä v prí­tom­nos­ti odchov­ných nádr­ží, kde sa teore­tic­ky môže viac hro­ma­diť orga­nic­ký odpad. Nie­kto­ré z nich – napr. ampu­lá­rie, však doká­žu svo­ji­mi exkre­men­ta­mi pri veľ­kej veľ­kos­ti znač­ne zaťa­žiť vodu, pre­to sa na veľ­ké­ho jedin­ca Ampul­la­ria odpo­rú­ča 30 l vody.

Sli­má­ky sa živia aj ria­sa­mi, pri nedos­tat­ku potra­vy aj rast­li­na­mi, v kto­rých doká­žu vytvo­riť malé dier­ky. Uli­ta (las­tú­ra) sli­má­kov je zlo­že­ná aj z váp­ni­ka, pre­to vo vodách veľ­mi mäk­kých sa vod­ným sli­má­kom neda­rí – váp­nik vyža­du­jú. V prí­pa­de jeho nedos­tat­ku sú ich schrán­ky mäk­ké a sli­má­kom cel­ko­vo chát­ra­jú. To zna­me­ná, že ulit­ní­ky vo väč­šom množ­stve význam­ne vplý­va­jú na tvrdo­sť vody. Ak máme takú­to vodu, sli­má­kom sa pri­dá­va do vody napr. sépi­ová kosť, prí­pad­ne iná for­ma dostup­ná for­ma váp­ni­ka. Z hľa­dis­ka tvor­by pohlav­ných buniek to sú pre­važ­ne her­maf­ro­di­ti (oboj­po­hlav­ný), ale aj gono­cho­ris­ti. Sli­má­ky sú pre nie­kto­ré dru­hy rýb potra­vou, samoz­rej­me naj­mä men­šie dru­hy. Vedia si na nich pochut­nať rájov­ce, iné laby­rint­ky, cich­li­dy, štvorzubce.


In tanks, snails are com­mon­ly kept, belo­n­ging to the class Gas­tro­po­da, and to a les­ser extent, bival­ves of the class Lamel­lib­ran­chia (Bival­via). Other clas­ses such as Monop­la­cop­ho­ra, Scap­ho­po­da, and Cep­ha­lo­po­da (cep­ha­lo­pods) are not typi­cal­ly found in aqu­ariums, alt­hough they are clas­si­fied as mol­lusks. In this aqu­aris­tic sec­ti­on, we con­si­der only aqu­atic spe­cies, whi­le ter­res­trial ones are more rele­vant to terraristics.

The term snails” is often used, but it’s not enti­re­ly accu­ra­te. We should refer to them as gas­tro­pods, inc­lu­ding bival­ves. Snails play a role in the aqu­arium as con­su­mers of unu­sed mate­rial, such as deca­y­ing lea­ves, lef­to­ver food, dead fish, and other orga­nic remains. The­ir acti­vi­ty is par­ti­cu­lar­ly desi­rab­le in bre­e­ding tanks, whe­re orga­nic was­te can the­ore­ti­cal­ly accu­mu­la­te more. Some of them, like app­le snails (ampul­la­ria), can sig­ni­fi­can­tly affect water quali­ty due to the­ir exc­re­ment, so a lar­ge indi­vi­du­al is recom­men­ded to have at least 30 liters of water.

Snails also feed on algae and, in the absen­ce of food, can con­su­me plants, cre­a­ting small holes in them. The shells of water snails are com­po­sed of cal­cium, so they strugg­le in very soft waters – they requ­ire cal­cium. In case of its defi­cien­cy, the­ir shells beco­me soft, and the snails dete­ri­ora­te ove­rall. This means that snails, in lar­ger quan­ti­ties, sig­ni­fi­can­tly influ­en­ce water hard­ness. If the water is soft, you can add a sour­ce of cal­cium, such as cutt­le­bo­ne, to the water for the snails. Regar­ding the for­ma­ti­on of repro­duc­ti­ve cells, they are most­ly her­maph­ro­di­tes, but some are gono­cho­ris­tic. Snails are prey for some fish spe­cies, espe­cial­ly smal­ler ones. Gou­ra­mis, other laby­rinth fish, cich­lids, and loaches enjoy fee­ding on them.


In Aqu­arien wer­den in der Regel Schnec­ken gehal­ten, die zur Klas­se Gas­tro­po­da gehören und in gerin­ge­rem Maße auch Mus­cheln der Klas­se Lamel­lib­ran­chia (Bival­via). Ande­re Klas­sen wie Monop­la­cop­ho­ra, Scap­ho­po­da und Cep­ha­lo­po­da (Kopf­füßer) sind nor­ma­ler­we­i­se nicht in Aqu­arien zu fin­den, obwohl sie zu den Weich­tie­ren gehören. In die­sem aqu­aris­tis­chen Abschnitt bet­rach­ten wir nur Was­ser­schnec­ken, wäh­rend ter­res­tris­che Schnec­ken eher Gegens­tand der Ter­ra­ris­tik sind.

Der Beg­riff Schnec­ken” wird oft ver­wen­det, ist jedoch nicht ganz kor­rekt. Wir soll­ten von Weich­tie­ren spre­chen, ein­sch­lie­ßlich Mus­cheln. Schnec­ken erfül­len im Aqu­arium die Funk­ti­on von Kon­su­men­ten für unge­nutz­tes Mate­rial wie ver­rot­ten­des Laub, übrig geb­lie­be­nem Fut­ter, toten Fis­chen und ande­ren orga­nis­chen Über­res­ten. Ihre Akti­vi­tät ist beson­ders wün­schen­swert in Zucht­bec­ken, wo sich the­ore­tisch mehr orga­nis­cher Abfall ansam­meln kann. Eini­ge von ihnen, wie Apfel­schnec­ken (Ampul­la­rien), kön­nen aufg­rund ihrer Exkre­men­te die Was­se­rqu­ali­tät erheb­lich bee­in­träch­ti­gen. Daher wird für ein gro­ßes Indi­vi­du­um Ampul­la­ria min­des­tens 30 Liter Was­ser empfohlen.

Schnec­ken ernäh­ren sich auch von Algen und kön­nen bei Nahrungs­man­gel auch Pflan­zen fres­sen und kle­i­ne Löcher darin erze­ugen. Die Scha­len von Was­ser­schnec­ken bes­te­hen aus Kalk, sodass sie in sehr wei­chem Was­ser Prob­le­me haben – sie benöti­gen Kalk. Bei Man­gel daran wer­den ihre Scha­len weich, und die Schnec­ken versch­lech­tern sich ins­ge­samt. Das bede­utet, dass Schnec­ken in größe­ren Men­gen die Was­ser­här­te erheb­lich bee­in­flus­sen. Bei wei­chem Was­ser kann den Schnec­ken eine Cal­ciu­mqu­el­le wie Sepias­cha­le zuge­fü­hrt wer­den. Hin­sicht­lich der Bil­dung von Fortpf­lan­zungs­zel­len sind sie meis­tens Zwit­ter, aber eini­ge sind gono­cho­ris­tisch. Schnec­ken sind Beute für eini­ge Fis­char­ten, beson­ders für kle­i­ne­re. Gura­mis, ande­re Laby­rinth­fis­che, Bunt­bars­che und Sch­mer­len genie­ßen es, sich an ihnen zu laben.


Dru­hy (foto) (15)

  • Ante­mo­ne helena
  • Clit­hon sp.
  • Dre­is­se­nia polymorpha
  • Gyrau­lus sp.
  • Mari­sa cornuarietis
  • Mela­no­ides granifera
  • Mela­no­ides tuberculata
  • Neri­ti­na natalensis
  • Pisi­dium sp.
  • Pla­nor­bel­la sp.
  • Poma­cea brid­ge­sii (Ampul­la­rius aus­tra­lis) – doras­tá do 67 cm
  • Poma­cea cf. lineata
  • Radix pereg­ra
  • Spha­e­rium corneum
  • Tylo­me­la­nia sp.

Iné dru­hy: Acro­lo­xus lacus­tris, Ancy­lus flu­via­ti­lis, Fer­ris­sia, Lym­nea stag­na­lis, Phy­sa fon­ti­na­lis, Phy­sas­tra pro­te­us, Pla­nor­bis cor­ne­us, Pla­nor­bis sp., Spha­e­rium rivi­co­la, Vivi­pa­rus viviparus



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2011-2015, 2013, Biotopy, Časová línia, Horné Považie, Krajina, Príroda, Skaly, Slovenská krajina

Súľovské skaly

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Súľov­ské ska­ly sú súčas­ťou Súľov­ských vrchov (Wiki­pe­dia), a väč­šie­ho cel­ku Strá­žov­ských vrchov (Jozef Terem), vyzna­ču­jú sa výraz­ne čle­ni­tým reli­é­fom. Čas­té sú skal­né veže, str­mé bra­lá, ihly, okná, homo­le apod. Jed­ným z naj­zná­mej­ších útva­rov je tzv. Gotic­ká brá­na (Wiki­pe­dia), kto­rá dosa­hu­je výš­ku 13 met­rov a vznik­la zvet­rá­va­ním skal­né­ho zle­pen­ca (kam​na​vy​le​ty​.sk). Súľov­ské ska­ly sa nachá­dza­jú asi 10 km od Byt­če. Súľov­ské ska­ly sú zora­de­né v oblú­ku, kto­ré­ho vrchol je na seve­re a rame­ná sme­ru­jú na juho­zá­pad a juho­vý­chod (Wiki­pe­dia). Na tom­to úze­mí je vyhlá­se­ná Národ­ná prí­rod­ná rezer­vá­cia Súľov­ské ska­ly (envi​ro​por​tal​.sk). Nachá­dza­jú sa tu napr. skal­né útva­ry Sova a sovič­ka, Nad kon­ský cin­ter, Mač­ka či Dva hrby (Jozef Terem). V puk­li­no­vej jas­ky­ni Šar­ka­nia die­ra sa našli kos­ti jas­kyn­né­ho med­ve­ďa a neoli­tic­kej kera­mi­ky (sulov​.com). Súľov­ské ska­ly môže­me spoz­nať aj v mno­hých doku­men­tár­nych fil­moch o prí­ro­de a sta­li sa aj mies­tom fil­mo­vé­ho spra­co­va­nia roz­práv­ky Soko­liar Tomáš. Loka­li­ta Súľo­va bola pod­ľa poves­ti kedy­si síd­lom šar­ka­na. Ten vylie­ta­val cez dve skal­né brá­ny, na zápa­de cez Gotic­kú brá­nu a na seve­re cez Obrov­skú brá­nu (Jozef Terem). Skal­né útva­ry vznik­li tak, že malé čas­ti kamien­kov boli pospá­ja­né do seba tzv. vápen­co­vým tme­lom počas dlhých tisíc­ro­čí. Hor­ni­na z toh­to skal­né­ho útva­ru dosta­la aj svoj názov súľov­ský zle­pe­nec” (slo​va​kia​360​.com). Ten­to zle­pe­nec je zlo­že­ný z vápen­cov a dolo­mi­tov. Vrstvy zle­pen­cov dosa­hu­jú znač­nú hrúb­ku, pri obci Súľov 500 met­rov (sulov​.com). 

Súľov­ské ska­ly posky­tu­jú pries­tor aj pre roz­ma­ni­tú fau­nu a fló­ru. Vďa­ka klí­me, kto­rá sa vytvá­ra kvô­li veľ­mi hus­to pospá­ja­ným skal­ným útva­rom. V ich dol­nej čas­ti nie­ke­dy nikdy nedo­pad­nú pria­me slneč­né lúče, pre­to tu exis­tu­je nie­koľ­ko vege­tač­ných pásiem. V dol­ných, chlad­nej­ších pod­mien­kach ras­tie fló­ra ako vo Vyso­kých Tat­rách (slo​va​kia​360​.com). Ras­tie tu napr. ponik­lec pro­stred­ný Pul­sa­til­la sub­sla­vi­ca, hor­co­kvet Clu­si­ov Cimi­na­lis clu­sii, prvo­sien­ka holá Pri­mu­la auri­cu­la, sol­da­nel­ka kar­pat­ská Sol­da­nel­la car­pa­ti­ca, zvon­ček malič­ký Cam­pa­nu­la coch­le­a­ri­fo­lia, hmy­zov­ník mucho­vi­tý Oph­rys insec­ti­fe­ra, hmy­zov­ník Holu­by­ho Oph­rys holu­by­ana, vsta­vač ble­dý Orchis pal­lens, kruš­tík tma­vo­čer­ve­ný Epi­pac­tis atri­ru­bens, ľalia zla­to­hla­vá Lilium mar­ta­gon, pril­bov­ka čer­ve­ná Cep­ha­lant­he­ra rub­ra (sulov​.com), Diant­hus lum­nit­ze­ri, Dra­ba lasi­ocar­pa, Ant­he­ri­cum ramo­sum, Ame­lan­chier ova­lis (sulov​.com), Glo­bu­la­ria punc­ta­ta, Bel­li­dias­trum miche­lii (Jaro­slav Velič­ka)

Naj­roz­ší­re­nej­ším dra­vým vtá­kom tu je sokol myšiar Fal­co tin­nun­cu­lus, kto­rý hniez­di na skal­ných vežiach a vo výklen­koch skal­ných stien. Žije tu aj výr skal­ný Bubo bubo, krka­vec Cor­vus corax, myšiar­ka uša­tá Asio otus, vče­lár les­ný Per­nis api­vo­rus (sulov​.com)V hlbo­kých lesoch žije bocian čier­ny Cico­nia nig­ra (sulov​.com). Vysky­tu­je sa tu rys ostro­vid Lynx lynx, jaš­te­ri­ca múro­vá a oby­čaj­ná Lacer­ta mura­lis, Lacer­ta agi­lis, sle­púch láma­vý Angu­is fra­gi­lis, sala­man­dra škvr­ni­tá Sala­man­dra sala­man­dra, fúzač alp­ský Rosa­lia alpi­na, jasoň čer­ve­no­oký Par­nas­sius apol­lo. Vzác­ny je tep­lo­mil­ný pavúk komôr­kar pon­tic­ký Aty­pus mura­lis, kto­rý sa nachá­dza len na troch loka­li­tách na Slo­ven­sku. Vďa­ka dosta­toč­né­mu prí­su­nu uhli­či­ta­nov tu majú hoj­nej­šie zastú­pe­nie mäk­ký­še (sulov​.com). Naj­cen­nej­šie sú na váp­ni­tých pra­me­nis­kách. Gla­ciál­ny relikt pim­pr­lík Gey­erov Ver­ti­go gey­eri pou­ka­zu­je na sta­ro­by­lý pôvod (sulov​.com).

Súľov­ský hrad, resp. jeho zrú­ca­ni­na je súčas­ťou Súľov­ských skál. Ťaž­ko ho odlí­šiť od oko­li­tých skál (Peter Kac­lík). Jeho star­šie pome­no­va­nie bolo Rohach, Roháč. Vzni­kol v prvej tre­ti­ne 15. sto­ro­čia, plnil stráž­nu fun­kciu. Už v roku 1703 bol v zlom sta­ve, avšak ešte v roku 1730 sa na ňom zdr­žia­va­lo voj­sko. Od roku 1759 na hra­de nikto neos­tal, navy­še zeme­tra­se­nie v roku 1858 hrad ťaž­ko poško­dil a medzi­tým ešte vyho­rel (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk).


Súľov Rocks are part of the Súľov Moun­tains (Wiki­pe­dia) and the lar­ger Strá­žov Moun­tains (Jozef Terem), cha­rac­te­ri­zed by a dis­tinct­ly rug­ged relief. Rock for­ma­ti­ons like towers, ste­ep rid­ges, need­les, win­do­ws, and hum­mocks are com­mon. One of the most famous for­ma­ti­ons is the so-​called Got­hic Gate (Wiki­pe­dia), rea­ching a height of 13 meters, for­med by the weat­he­ring of rock con­glo­me­ra­te (kam​na​vy​le​ty​.sk). Súľov Rocks are loca­ted app­ro­xi­ma­te­ly 10 km from Byt­ča. They are arran­ged in an arc, with the sum­mit to the north and arms exten­ding sout­hwest and sout­he­ast (Wiki­pe­dia). The area is desig­na­ted as the Súľov Rocks Nati­onal Natu­re Reser­ve (envi​ro​por​tal​.sk). Notab­le for­ma­ti­ons inc­lu­de rock fea­tu­res like Sova and sovič­ka, Nad kon­ský cin­ter, Mač­ka, and Dva hrby (Jozef Terem). In the cre­vi­ce cave Šar­ka­nia die­ra, bones of cave bears and Neolit­hic potte­ry were dis­co­ve­red (sulov​.com). Súľov Rocks have been fea­tu­red in many natu­re docu­men­ta­ries and ser­ved as a fil­ming loca­ti­on for the fai­ry tale Soko­liar Tomáš.” Accor­ding to legend, the Súľov area was once the abo­de of a dra­gon. The dra­gon flew out through two rock gates, the Got­hic Gate to the west and the Giant Gate to the north (Jozef Terem). The rock for­ma­ti­ons were cre­a­ted as small rock frag­ments were cemen­ted toget­her by limes­to­ne mor­tar over thou­sands of years. The rock from this for­ma­ti­on is kno­wn as Súľov con­glo­me­ra­te” (slo​va​kia​360​.com), com­po­sed of limes­to­ne and dolo­mi­te. The con­glo­me­ra­te lay­ers reach a sig­ni­fi­cant thick­ness, up to 500 meters near the vil­la­ge of Súľov (sulov​.com).

Súľov Rocks pro­vi­de habi­tat for diver­se fau­na and flo­ra. Due to the cli­ma­te cre­a­ted by tight­ly con­nec­ted rock for­ma­ti­ons, direct sun­light some­ti­mes never rea­ches the lower part, cre­a­ting seve­ral vege­ta­ti­on zones. In the cooler con­di­ti­ons of the lower are­as, the flo­ra resem­bles that of the High Tatras (slo​va​kia​360​.com). Spe­cies such as Pul­sa­til­la sub­sla­vi­ca, Clu­sius Cimi­na­lis clu­sii, Pri­mu­la auri­cu­la, Sol­da­nel­la car­pa­ti­ca, Cam­pa­nu­la coch­le­a­ri­fo­lia, Oph­rys insec­ti­fe­ra, Oph­rys holu­by­ana, Orchis pal­lens, Epi­pac­tis atri­ru­bens, Lilium mar­ta­gon, and Cep­ha­lant­he­ra rub­ra thri­ve here (sulov​.com), along with Diant­hus lum­nit­ze­ri, Dra­ba lasi­ocar­pa, Ant­he­ri­cum ramo­sum, Ame­lan­chier ova­lis (sulov​.com), Glo­bu­la­ria punc­ta­ta, and Bel­li­dias­trum miche­lii (Jaro­slav Velička).

The most com­mon pre­da­to­ry bird in the area is the com­mon kestrel (Fal­co tin­nun­cu­lus), which nests on roc­ky towers and led­ges. The eag­le owl (Bubo bubo), raven (Cor­vus corax), long-​eared owl (Asio otus), and honey buz­zard (Per­nis api­vo­rus) also inha­bit the regi­on (sulov​.com). The black stork (Cico­nia nig­ra) lives in the deep forests (sulov​.com). The Eura­sian lynx (Lynx lynx), wall lizard (Lacer­ta mura­lis and Lacer­ta agi­lis), slo­wworm (Angu­is fra­gi­lis), fire sala­man­der (Sala­man­dra sala­man­dra), Rosa­lia alpi­na, Par­nas­sius apol­lo, and the rare Aty­pus mura­lis spi­der, found only at three loca­ti­ons in Slo­va­kia, are also pre­sent. Mol­lusks are abun­dant, par­ti­cu­lar­ly on cal­ca­re­ous springs, with the gla­cial relict Ver­ti­go gey­eri indi­ca­ting ancient ori­gins (sulov​.com).

The ruins of Súľov Cast­le are part of the Súľov Rocks. It is chal­len­ging to dis­tin­gu­ish them from the sur­roun­ding rocks (Peter Kac­lík). Ori­gi­nal­ly named Rohach, Roháč, the cast­le was built in the first third of the 15th cen­tu­ry for defen­si­ve pur­po­ses. By 1703, it was alre­a­dy in poor con­di­ti­on, but as late as 1730, tro­ops still occu­pied it. From 1759, no one sta­y­ed at the cast­le, and a seis­mic event in 1858 seve­re­ly dama­ged it, lea­ding to a sub­se­qu­ent fire (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk).


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