2011, 2011-2015, Časová línia, Krajina, Mestá, Mestá, Slovenská krajina, Slovenské, Stredné Považie, Typ krajiny

Trenčín – jedno z najstarších miest Slovenska

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Tren­čín je cen­trom stred­né­ho Pova­žia, význam­ným cen­trom obcho­du, hos­po­dár­stva, kul­tú­ry a špor­tu (tren​cin​.sk) a módy (Wiki­pe­dia). Tra­dí­ciu v mes­te majú výsta­vy a veľ­tr­hy. Žije tu tak­mer 60000 oby­va­te­ľov. Mes­to leží v nad­mor­skej výš­ke 204 – 210 met­rov nad morom. Jeho roz­lo­ha je tak­mer 82 km2. Má 10 kata­strál­nych úze­mí: Hanz­lí­ko­vá, Isteb­ník, Kub­ra, Kub­ri­ca, Ore­cho­vé, Opa­to­vá, Tren­čian­ske Bis­ku­pi­ce, Zábla­tie, Tren­čín a Zla­tov­ce (tren​cin​.sk). V roku 1850 žilo v Tren­čí­ne 2602 oby­va­te­ľov, v roku 1900 7011, v roku 1970 29055 (Retros­pek­tiv­ní lexi­kon obcí ČSSR 1850 – 1970). Maďar­ské pome­no­va­nie je Trenc­sén, nemec­ký Trents­chin, latin­ský Trent­si­nium ale­bo Lau­ga­ri­cio. Tren­čian­sky úsek stred­né­ho Pova­žia mož­no pova­žo­vať za jed­nu z naj­sú­vis­lej­šie urba­ni­zo­va­ných aglo­me­rá­cií na Slo­ven­sku – Tren­čín, Nemšo­vá, Tren­čian­ske Tep­li­ce, Nová Dub­ni­ca, Dub­ni­ca nad Váhom, Ila­va a Tren­čian­ska Tep­lá – žije tu pri­bliž­ne 120 000 oby­va­te­ľov. Cez mes­to pre­te­ká rie­ka Váh. Mes­to má aj letis­ko, kto­ré slú­ži aj na vojen­ské úče­ly. V are­áli sa nachá­dza pod­nik Letec­ké opra­vov­ne Tren­čín, a. s., kto­ré opra­vu­jú lie­tad­lá a vrtuľ­ní­ky z celé­ho sve­ta. Vznik­la tu aj Tren­čian­ska uni­ver­zi­ta Ale­xan­dra Dub­če­ka (Wiki­pe­dia).

Nachá­dza sa tu aj Galé­ria Milo­ša Ale­xan­dra Bazov­ské­ho, výsta­vis­ko EXPO cen­ter. Pra­vi­del­ne sa tu koná fes­ti­val Poho­da, Jazz pod hra­dom. V rám­ci EXPO cen­ter: Tren­čín mes­to módy, Salón tex­til­nej a odev­nej tech­ni­ky, Zla­tá Fati­ma – súťa­že pro­du­cen­tov módy a odie­va­nia, Beau­ty Slo­va­kia, Aqua – medzi­ná­rod­ná výsta­va vod­né­ho hos­po­dár­stva, hyd­ro­ene­re­ge­ti­ky a ochra­ny život­né­ho pro­stre­dia. AS Tren­čín je úspeš­ný fut­ba­lo­vý klub. Duk­la Tren­čín hoke­jo­vý. Roz­vi­nu­tá je aj kano­is­ti­ka, hádza­ná a flor­bal. Tren­čín je hoke­jo­vé mes­to, a nie­len z dôvo­du dvoch zim­ných šta­di­ó­nov – jeden nesie meno Pav­la Demit­ru, dru­hý Mariá­na Gábo­rí­ka. Medzi ďal­šie osob­nos­ti pat­rí: fil­már Pavol Bara­báš, his­to­rik Voj­tech Zama­rov­ský, maliar Miloš Ale­xan­der Bazov­ský, foto­graf Karol Kál­lay, spi­so­va­teľ­ka Nata­ša Tan­ská, fil­mo­vý pro­du­cent Rudolf Bier­mann, reži­sér Igor Pie­tor, Ľubo­mír Vaj­dič­ka, Vác­lav Mika, hereč­ka Ida Rapai­čo­vá, Mar­ta Slá­deč­ko­vá, hudob­ník Richard Ryb­ní­ček, dlho­roč­ná šéf­re­dak­tor­ka vyda­va­teľ­stva Mla­dé Letá Lýdia Kyse­ľo­vá, duchov­ný Marián Gaven­da, hoke­jis­ta Zde­no Chá­ra, mode­rá­tor­ky Jar­mi­la Laj­čá­ko­vá Har­ga­šo­vá a Soňa Mül­le­ro­vá Behu­lo­vá, Šte­fan Skrú­ca­ný, dip­lo­ma­ti Pavol Ham­žík, Egon Lán­sky, Alojz Lorenc, Ale­xan­der Dub­ček (Wiki­pe­dia). Z minu­los­ti samoz­rej­me Matúš Čák, uči­teľ Samu­el Štúr – otec Ľudo­ví­ta (tren​cin​.sk).

Tren­čín pat­rí ku naj­star­ším slo­ven­ským mes­tám. Naj­star­šie arche­olo­gic­ké nále­zy dokla­da­jú prí­tom­nosť člo­ve­ka už pred 200 000 rok­mi. Ešte pred prí­cho­dom Kel­tov vied­la úze­mím Tren­čí­na cez Vlár­sky pries­myk jed­na z vetiev ​“Jan­tá­ro­vej ces­ty”, kto­rou puto­va­li etrus­kí, gréc­ki a neskôr rím­ski obchod­ní­ci zo stre­do­mo­ria na Pobal­tie (tren​cin​.sk). V die­le Geo­gra­fia od grécko-​rímskeho poly­his­to­ra Klau­dia Pto­le­maia (90 – 168) je pome­no­va­nie mes­ta Leuka­ris­tos (Rená­ta Kaš­čá­ko­vá, Jozef Gert­li Dan­glár).

Na pre­lo­me leto­poč­tu vytla­či­li Kel­tov ger­mán­ske kme­ne zo seve­ru a zápa­du, pre­dov­šet­kým Kvá­di. Kvá­di spo­lu s Mar­ko­man­mi, síd­lia­ci­mi na juž­nej Mora­ve vied­li čas­té boje s Riman­mi. Sve­dec­tvom tých­to vojen je aj zná­my rím­sky nápis na hrad­nej ska­le, kto­rý tu zane­cha­la II. pomoc­ná légia, keď tu pre­zi­mo­va­la v rokoch 179 – 180 (tren​cin​.sk). V pre­kla­de ja na ňom napí­sa­né: Víťazs­tvu cisá­rov a voj­ska, kto­ré síd­li­lo v Lau­ga­rí­ciu, v počte 855 voja­kov II. légie, dal zho­to­viť M.V. Maxi­mia­nus, legát II. pomoc­nej légie (Jur­čac­ko). Je prav­de­po­dob­né, že Tren­čian­sky hrad bol kon­com 10. a začiat­kom 11. sto­ro­čia síd­lom pro­vin­cie Vag, kto­rú sa spo­mí­na v zakla­da­cej lis­ti­ne praž­ské­ho bis­kup­stva z roku 1086 (tren​cin​.sk). V roku 1241 mes­to odo­la­lo tatár­ske­mu úto­ku (tren​cin​.sk). Naj­väč­šiu slá­vu zaži­lo mes­to za Matú­ša Čáka Tren­čian­ske­ho začiat­kom 14. sto­ro­čia (tren​cin​.sk). 19.2.1412 kráľ Žig­mund Luxem­bur­ský ude­lil Tren­čí­nu šta­tút slo­bod­né­ho krá­ľov­ské­ho mes­ta (tren​cin​.sk). Mest­ská veža (Dol­ná brá­na) bola súčas­ťou opev­ne­nia začiat­kom 15. sto­ro­čia (tren​cin​.sk).

V roku 1548 žilo v Tren­čí­ne 222 rodín – asi 1 200 – 1 300 oby­va­te­ľov. Rok 1585, 1656, 1710 a 1716 zasia­hol mes­to mor, v roku 1593 a 1625 povo­deň. V roku 1706 žilo v Tren­čí­ne 1880 oby­va­te­ľov (tren​cin​.sk). Moro­vý stĺp v stre­de námes­tia bol posta­ve­ný v roku 1712 ako spo­mien­ka na mor, kto­rý pos­ti­hol mes­to v roku 1710 (tren​cin​.sk). 14.5.1708 zho­re­lo v mes­te 195 domov. V roku 1787 žilo v Tren­čí­ne už 4 222 oby­va­te­ľov. V roku 1790 požiar zni­čil aj hrad. V roku 1805 tade­to pre­chá­dzal rus­ký cár Ale­xan­der po bit­ke pri Slav­ko­ve. 26.8.1813 sa pri povod­ne tak­mer uto­pil Fran­ti­šek Palac­ký. Rok 1831 je rokom cho­le­ry (tren​cin​.sk). V roku 1886 zachvá­til mes­to veľ­ký požiar. Rok 1897 je rokom, kedy nór­ska fir­ma Gre­ger­sen posta­vi­la v mes­te nový oce­ľo­vý cest­ný most cez Váh s dĺž­kou 258 a šír­kou 6 met­rov. V roku 1904 gróf­ka Ifi­gé­nia D‘Arcourt daro­va­la mes­tu Tren­čian­sky hrad. V roku 1919 mes­to pre­kro­či­lo hra­ni­cu 10 000 oby­va­te­ľov (10191) (tren​cin​.sk).

V dru­hej polo­vi­ci 19. sto­ro­čia sa Tren­čín stal význam­ným obchod­ným a prie­my­sel­ným cen­trom, posta­ve­ná bola želez­ni­ca. Od kon­ca 19. sto­ro­čia sa roz­vi­nul prie­my­sel, tex­til­né továr­ne, lie­ho­va­ry, spra­co­va­nie gumy, dre­va. Za prvej Čes­ko­slo­ven­skej repub­li­ky sa roz­rás­tol odev­ný, potra­vi­nár­sky a stro­jár­sky prie­my­sel. Po roku 1945 výstav­níc­tvo (Wiki­pe­dia).

Tren­čín is the cen­ter of cen­tral Pova­žie, a sig­ni­fi­cant hub for com­mer­ce, eco­no­my, cul­tu­re, and sports (tren​cin​.sk) and fas­hi­on (Wiki­pe­dia). The city has a tra­di­ti­on of hos­ting exhi­bi­ti­ons and fairs. It is home to near­ly 60,000 resi­dents and is situ­ated at an ele­va­ti­on of 204 to 210 meters abo­ve sea level. Cove­ring an area of almost 82 km², it com­pri­ses 10 cadas­tral ter­ri­to­ries: Hanz­lí­ko­vá, Isteb­ník, Kub­ra, Kub­ri­ca, Ore­cho­vé, Opa­to­vá, Tren­čian­ske Bis­ku­pi­ce, Zábla­tie, Tren­čín, and Zla­tov­ce (tren​cin​.sk). In 1850, Tren­čín had a popu­la­ti­on of 2,602, which inc­re­a­sed to 7,011 by 1900 and 29,055 by 1970 (Retros­pek­tiv­ní lexi­kon obcí ČSSR 1850 – 1970). Its Hun­ga­rian name is Trenc­sén, Ger­man Trents­chin, Latin Trent­si­nium, or Lau­ga­ri­cio. The Tren­čín sec­ti­on of cen­tral Pova­žie can be con­si­de­red one of the most con­ti­nu­ous­ly urba­ni­zed agg­lo­me­ra­ti­ons in Slo­va­kia, with app­ro­xi­ma­te­ly 120,000 inha­bi­tants in the vici­ni­ty, inc­lu­ding Tren­čín, Nemšo­vá, Tren­čian­ske Tep­li­ce, Nová Dub­ni­ca, Dub­ni­ca nad Váhom, Ila­va, and Tren­čian­ska Tep­lá. The Váh River flo­ws through the city, which also hosts an air­port ser­ving both civi­lian and mili­ta­ry pur­po­ses. The area inc­lu­des the com­pa­ny Letec­ké opra­vov­ne Tren­čín, a.s., spe­cia­li­zing in the repair of airc­raft and heli­cop­ters from around the world. Tren­čín is also home to the Tren­čian­ska uni­ver­zi­ta Ale­xan­dra Dub­če­ka (Wiki­pe­dia).

The city fea­tu­res the Galé­ria Milo­ša Ale­xan­dra Bazov­ské­ho, EXPO cen­ter exhi­bi­ti­on hall, and hosts regu­lar events such as the Poho­da fes­ti­val and Jazz pod hra­dom. Wit­hin the EXPO cen­ter, Tren­čín is kno­wn for its fas­hi­on events, tex­ti­le and clot­hing tech­no­lo­gy salons, Zla­tá Fati­ma – a com­pe­ti­ti­on for fas­hi­on and clot­hing pro­du­cers, Beau­ty Slo­va­kia, Aqua – an inter­na­ti­onal exhi­bi­ti­on of water mana­ge­ment, hyd­ro­ener­gy, and envi­ron­men­tal pro­tec­ti­on. The city is home to suc­cess­ful foot­ball and hoc­key clubs, AS Tren­čín and Duk­la Tren­čín, res­pec­ti­ve­ly. Tren­čín is recog­ni­zed for its achie­ve­ments in cano­eing, hand­ball, and flo­or­ball. Kno­wn as a hoc­key city, it boasts two win­ter sta­diums, one named after Pavol Demit­ra and the other after Marián Gábo­rík. Notab­le per­so­na­li­ties asso­cia­ted with Tren­čín inc­lu­de film­ma­ker Pavol Bara­báš, his­to­rian Voj­tech Zama­rov­ský, pain­ter Miloš Ale­xan­der Bazov­ský, pho­tog­rap­her Karol Kál­lay, wri­ter Nata­ša Tan­ská, film pro­du­cer Rudolf Bier­mann, direc­tor Igor Pie­tor, Ľubo­mír Vaj­dič­ka, Vác­lav Mika, act­ress Ida Rapai­čo­vá, Mar­ta Slá­deč­ko­vá, musi­cian Richard Ryb­ní­ček, long­ti­me editor-​in-​chief of Mla­dé Letá Lýdia Kyse­ľo­vá, cler­gy­man Marián Gaven­da, hoc­key pla­y­er Zde­no Chá­ra, and TV pre­sen­ters Jar­mi­la Laj­čá­ko­vá Har­ga­šo­vá and Soňa Mül­le­ro­vá Behu­lo­vá, among others (Wiki­pe­dia). From the past, notab­le figu­res inc­lu­de Matúš Čák and tea­cher Samu­el Štúr, fat­her of Ľudo­vít (tren​cin​.sk).

Tren­čín is one of the oldest Slo­vak cities, with archa­e­olo­gi­cal fin­dings sug­ges­ting human pre­sen­ce over 200,000 years ago. Pri­or to the arri­val of the Celts, one branch of the ​“Amber Road,” tra­ve­led by Etrus­can, Gre­ek, and later Roman tra­ders from the Medi­ter­ra­ne­an to the Bal­tic, pas­sed through the Tren­čín regi­on via the Vlár­sky Pass (tren​cin​.sk). In the Geog­rap­hia by the Greco-​Roman poly­math Clau­dius Pto­le­my (90 – 168), the city is refer­red to as Leuka­ris­tos (Rená­ta Kaš­čá­ko­vá, Jozef Gert­li Danglár).

Around the turn of the era, Ger­ma­nic tri­bes, par­ti­cu­lar­ly the Quadi, disp­la­ced the Celts from the north and west, spe­ci­fi­cal­ly from the Kvá­di regi­on. The Quadi, along with the Mar­co­man­ni resi­ding in sout­hern Mora­via, enga­ged in fre­qu­ent batt­les with the Romans. Evi­den­ce of the­se wars is the well-​known Roman insc­rip­ti­on on the cast­le rock, left by the II. auxi­lia­ry legi­on when it win­te­red here in 179 – 180 (tren​cin​.sk). Trans­la­ted, the insc­rip­ti­on reads: ​“To the vic­to­ry of the empe­rors and the army, which resi­ded in Lau­ga­rí­cius, num­be­ring 855 sol­diers of the II. auxi­lia­ry legi­on, M.V. Maxi­mia­nus, the lega­te of the II. auxi­lia­ry legi­on, had it made” (Jur­čac­ko). It is like­ly that Tren­čian­sky hrad was the seat of the Vag pro­vin­ce at the end of the 10th and begin­ning of the 11th cen­tu­ry, as men­ti­oned in the foun­ding char­ter of the Pra­gue bis­hop­ric from 1086 (tren​cin​.sk). In 1241, the city resis­ted a Tatar attack (tren​cin​.sk). The gre­a­test glo­ry came to the city during the ear­ly 14th cen­tu­ry under Matúš Čák Tren­čian­ský (tren​cin​.sk). On Feb­ru­ary 19, 1412, King Sigis­mund of Luxem­bourg gran­ted Tren­čín the sta­tus of a free roy­al city (tren​cin​.sk). The city tower (Dol­ná brá­na) was part of the for­ti­fi­ca­ti­ons in the ear­ly 15th cen­tu­ry (tren​cin​.sk).

In 1548, Tren­čín was home to 222 fami­lies, app­ro­xi­ma­te­ly 1,200−1,300 resi­dents. In the years 1585, 1656, 1710, and 1716, the city faced pla­gue outb­re­aks, whi­le flo­ods occur­red in 1593 and 1625. In 1706, Tren­čín had 1,880 inha­bi­tants (tren​cin​.sk). The pla­gue column in the midd­le of the squ­are was erec­ted in 1712 as a memo­rial to the pla­gue of 1710 (tren​cin​.sk). On May 14, 1708, 195 hou­ses bur­ned down in the city. In 1787, Tren­čín had 4,222 inha­bi­tants. In 1790, a fire des­tro­y­ed the cast­le, and in 1805, Rus­sian Tsar Ale­xan­der pas­sed through the city after the Batt­le of Slav­kov. On August 26, 1813, Fran­ti­šek Palac­ký almost dro­wned in a flo­od. The year 1831 mar­ked a cho­le­ra epi­de­mic (tren​cin​.sk). In 1886, a major fire swept through the city. In 1897, the Nor­we­gian com­pa­ny Gre­ger­sen built a new ste­el road brid­ge over the Váh, mea­su­ring 258 meters in length and 6 meters in width. In 1904, Coun­tess Ifi­gé­nia D’Ar­court dona­ted Tren­čian­sky hrad to the city. In 1919, the popu­la­ti­on exce­e­ded 10,000 resi­dents (10,191) (tren​cin​.sk).

In the second half of the 19th cen­tu­ry, Tren­čín beca­me a sig­ni­fi­cant tra­de and indus­trial cen­ter, with the cons­truc­ti­on of the rai­lway. Sin­ce the late 19th cen­tu­ry, the city has seen the deve­lop­ment of indus­try, inc­lu­ding tex­ti­le fac­to­ries, dis­til­le­ries, and wood pro­ces­sing. During the First Cze­cho­slo­vak Repub­lic, the city­’s tex­ti­le, food, and engi­ne­e­ring indus­tries expan­ded. After 1945, exhi­bi­ti­onism beca­me pro­mi­nent (Wiki­pe­dia).

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2005, Časová línia, Do roku 2005, Krajina, Turecko, Zahraničie

Turecko – zaujímavá hornatá krajina

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Turec­ko leží pod Čier­nym morom. Z dvoch strán ho obklo­pu­je Stre­do­zem­né more. Suse­dí so Sýri­ou, s Ira­kom, s Irá­nom, s Armén­skom, s Gru­zín­skom. Malá časť úze­mia leží v Euró­pe na Bal­kán­skom polo­os­tro­ve (Východ­ná Trá­cia /​Rumé­lia), väč­ši­na úze­mia leží v juho­zá­pad­nej Ázii – na polo­os­tro­ve Malá Ázia (Ana­tó­lia). Obe čas­ti odde­ľu­je úži­na Bospor, Mar­mar­ské more a Dar­da­ne­ly (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Turec­ko je hor­na­tá kra­ji­na, naj­viac jeho východ­ná časť.

Úze­mie Turec­ka (Ana­tó­lia) pat­rí k naj­star­ším trva­lo osíd­le­ným regi­ó­nom na sve­te – ešte v neoli­te (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Pri­bliž­ne medzi 18. – 13. sto­ro­čím pred Kris­tom bola na úze­mí dneš­né­ho Turec­ka sta­ro­ve­ká Che­tit­ská ríša. Neskôr tu exis­to­va­la Frý­gia. Od 7. sto­ro­čia pred Kris­tom Lýdia, Caria a Lýcia. Od 12. sto­ro­čia pred Kris­tom je západ­né pobre­žie kolo­ni­zo­va­né aiol­ský­mi, dór­sky­mi a ión­sky­mi Grék­mi. Neskôr aj kolo­ni­zo­va­li aj sever­né a juž­né pobre­žie. V 6. – 5 sto­ro­čí bola Ana­tó­lia doby­tá Per­žan­mi, neskôr Ale­xan­drom Mace­dón­skym, po kto­ré­ho smr­ti sa roz­pad­la na hele­nis­tic­ké štá­ty: Bitý­nia, Kapa­dó­cia, Per­ga­mon a Pon­tos (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). V Turec­ku je veľ­ké množ­stvo antic­kých pamia­tok, naj­mä v Efe­ze, Ther­mes­so­se, Hie­ra­po­li­se a aj v Istan­bu­le (orbi​on​.cz). Kon­com 1. sto­ro­čia pred Kris­tom gré­kov vys­trie­da­la Rím­ska ríša. Po jej roz­pa­de v roku 395 Turec­ko pri­pad­lo Byzant­skej ríši. Od 11. sto­ro­čia dochá­dza­lo ku turec­ké­mu osíd­ľo­va­niu. V roku 1299 sa Osman I. stal prvým sul­tá­nom Osman­skej ríše. Vytrva­la do roku 1923, kedy Mus­ta­fa Kemal Ata­türk zalo­žil repub­li­ku. 2 mili­ó­ny gré­kov opus­ti­lo Turec­ko a do Turec­ka odiš­lo asi 500 000 mos­li­mov roz­prá­va­jú­cich gréc­ky, albán­sky a bul­har­sky z Gréc­ka (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). V Turec­ku žije počet­ná kurd­ská men­ši­na. 

Turec­ko je pomer­ne veľ­ká kra­ji­na, jeho roz­lo­ha je 780 580 km2 (wikit​ra​vel​.org), kde žilo v roku 2003 viac ako 68 mili­ó­nov oby­va­te­ľov (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Turec­ká zahra­nič­ná poli­ti­ka je už v 20. sto­ro­čí nasme­ro­va­ná do Euró­py. Turec­ko pat­rí ku zakla­da­jú­cim čle­nom OECD, v roku 1952 vstu­pu­je do NATO. Od roku 1959, kedy si poda­lo žia­dosť o člen­stvo v EHS, sa inten­zív­ne sna­ží vstú­piť do európ­skych hos­po­dár­skych štruk­túr. Dnes do Európ­skej únie (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Zau­jí­ma­vé sú skal­né mes­ta v Kap­pa­dó­cii, národ­ný park Pamuk­ka­le (orbi​on​.cz). Vo východ­nom (naj­hor­na­tej­šom) Turec­ku pra­me­nia rie­ky Euf­rat, Tig­ris a Aras (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Naj­vyš­ším bodom je Ara­rat, kto­rý sa týči do výš­ky 5137 met­rov nad morom (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Je hra­nič­ným vrchom s Arménskom.

Hlav­ným mes­tom Turec­ka je Anka­ra. Iný­mi zná­my­mi mes­ta­mi je Anta­lya, naj­väč­šie mes­to Istan­bul, napr. Izmir, Trab­zon (wikit​ra​vel​.org), Bur­sa, Ada­na, Gazian­tep (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Istan­bul je mes­to roz­de­le­né na európ­sku a ázij­skú časť. Spo­je­nie tých­to dvoch kon­ti­nen­tov zabez­pe­ču­je Bospor­ský most (wikit​ra​vel​.org). Turec­ko je pod­ľa HDP na 15. mies­te na sve­te (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Naj­po­pu­lár­nej­ším špor­tom je fut­bal. Klu­by ako Besik­tas Istan­bul, Fener­bah­ce Istan­bul, Gala­ta­sa­ray Istan­bul, (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz) Trab­zon­spor fut­ba­lo­vý fanú­šik pozná, neraz sa výraz­nej­šie pre­sa­di­li v tra­dič­ných európ­skych pohá­roch. Národ­ný tím v roku 2002 dosia­hol na Maj­strov­stvách sve­ta 3. miesto.

Tur­key is loca­ted bene­ath the Black Sea and is sur­roun­ded by the Medi­ter­ra­ne­an Sea on two sides. It sha­res bor­ders with Syria, Iraq, Iran, Arme­nia, and Geor­gia. A small part of its ter­ri­to­ry lies in Euro­pe on the Bal­kan Penin­su­la (Eas­tern Thra­ce /​Rume­lia), whi­le the majo­ri­ty is situ­ated in sout­hwes­tern Asia on the Ana­to­lian Penin­su­la. The Bospo­rus Strait, the Sea of Mar­ma­ra, and the Dar­da­nel­les sepa­ra­te the­se two parts (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tur­key is a moun­tai­nous coun­try, with its eas­tern part being the most mountainous.

The ter­ri­to­ry of Tur­key (Ana­to­lia) is one of the oldest con­ti­nu­ous­ly inha­bi­ted regi­ons glo­bal­ly, dating back to the Neolit­hic peri­od (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). App­ro­xi­ma­te­ly bet­we­en the 18th and 13th cen­tu­ries BCE, the ancient Hit­ti­te Empi­re exis­ted in the present-​day ter­ri­to­ry of Tur­key. Later, Phry­gia was estab­lis­hed here. From the 7th cen­tu­ry BCE, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia were pre­sent. From the 12th cen­tu­ry BCE, the wes­tern coast was colo­ni­zed by Aeolian, Dorian, and Ionian Gre­eks. Later, they also colo­ni­zed the nort­hern and sout­hern coasts. In the 6th to 5th cen­tu­ries BCE, Ana­to­lia was conqu­e­red by the Per­sians, later by Ale­xan­der the Gre­at, after who­se death, it disin­teg­ra­ted into Hel­le­nis­tic sta­tes: Bit­hy­nia, Cap­pa­do­cia, Per­ga­mon, and Pon­tus (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tur­key boasts nume­rous ancient monu­ments, espe­cial­ly in Ephe­sus, Ter­mes­sos, Hie­ra­po­lis, and Istan­bul (orbi​on​.cz). By the end of the 1st cen­tu­ry BCE, the Gre­eks were suc­ce­e­ded by the Roman Empi­re. After its col­lap­se in 395, Tur­key beca­me part of the Byzan­ti­ne Empi­re. From the 11th cen­tu­ry, Tur­kish sett­le­ment occur­red. In 1299, Osman I beca­me the first sul­tan of the Otto­man Empi­re, which las­ted until 1923 when Mus­ta­fa Kemal Ata­türk estab­lis­hed the repub­lic. Two mil­li­on Gre­eks left Tur­key, and about 500,000 Mus­lims spe­a­king Gre­ek, Alba­nian, and Bul­ga­rian moved to Tur­key from Gre­e­ce (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). A sig­ni­fi­cant Kur­dish mino­ri­ty resi­des in Turkey.

Tur­key is a rela­ti­ve­ly lar­ge coun­try with an area of 780,580 km² (wikit​ra​vel​.org), and it had over 68 mil­li­on inha­bi­tants in 2003 (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Tur­ke­y­’s fore­ign poli­cy has been direc­ted towards Euro­pe sin­ce the 20th cen­tu­ry. Tur­key is a foun­ding mem­ber of the OECD and joined NATO in 1952. Sin­ce 1959, when it app­lied for EEC mem­bers­hip, it has been acti­ve­ly see­king to join Euro­pe­an eco­no­mic struc­tu­res. Today, it aspi­res to join the Euro­pe­an Uni­on (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Rock cities in Cap­pa­do­cia and Pamuk­ka­le Nati­onal Park are among the inte­res­ting sites (orbi​on​.cz). The Euph­ra­tes, Tig­ris, and Aras rivers ori­gi­na­te in eas­tern (most moun­tai­nous) Tur­key (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). The hig­hest point is Mount Ara­rat, rea­ching 5,137 meters abo­ve sea level (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). It is a bor­der peak with Armenia.

The capi­tal of Tur­key is Anka­ra. Other well-​known cities inc­lu­de Anta­lya, the lar­gest city Istan­bul, Izmir, Trab­zon (wikit​ra​vel​.org), Bur­sa, Ada­na, Gazian­tep (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Istan­bul is a city divi­ded into Euro­pe­an and Asian parts, con­nec­ted by the Bosp­ho­rus Brid­ge (wikit​ra​vel​.org). Accor­ding to GDP, Tur­key ranks 15th in the world (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). The most popu­lar sport is foot­ball, with clubs like Besik­tas Istan­bul, Fener­bah­ce Istan­bul, Gala­ta­sa­ray Istan­bul, (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz), and Trab­zon­spor, a foot­ball club kno­wn to fans, often making a sig­ni­fi­cant impact in tra­di­ti­onal Euro­pe­an com­pe­ti­ti­ons. The nati­onal team achie­ved 3rd pla­ce in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Tür­ki­ye, Kara­de­ni­z’in altın­da yer almak­ta­dır. İki tara­fın­dan Akde­niz çev­re­le­mek­te­dir. Suri­ye, Irak, İran, Erme­nis­tan ve Gür­cis­tan ile komşu­dur. Top­ra­ğının küçük bir kıs­mı Bal­kan Yarıma­da­sı’n­da Avru­pa­’da bulu­nur­ken, çoğun­lu­ğu Ana­do­lu Yarıma­da­sı’n­da Güne­y­ba­tı Asy­a’da yer almak­ta­dır. Bu iki böl­ge­yi Boğa­zi­çi Boğa­zı, Mar­ma­ra Deni­zi ve Çanak­ka­le Boğa­zı ayır­mak­ta­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tür­ki­ye dağlık bir ülke­dir, özel­lik­le doğu kıs­mı en dağlık olanıdır.

Tür­ki­y­e’nin top­rak­la­rı (Ana­do­lu), düny­anın en eski sürek­li yer­le­şim böl­ge­le­rin­den biri­ne ait­tir ve bu yer­le­şim neoli­tik döne­me kadar uzan­mak­ta­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Yak­la­şık M.Ö. 18. – 13. yüzy­ıl ara­sın­da bugün­kü Tür­ki­ye top­rak­la­rın­da antik Hitit İmp­ar­at­orl­uğu bulun­mak­ta­y­dı. Daha son­ra Fri­gya bura­da var olmu­ştur. M.Ö. 7. yüzy­ıl­dan iti­ba­ren Lidya, Karia­lı ve Likya var olmu­ştur. M.Ö. 12. yüzy­ıl­dan iti­ba­ren batı kıy­ısı, Ege, Dor ve İyon Grek­le­ri tara­fın­dan kolo­ni­ze edil­mi­ştir. Daha son­ra kuzey ve güney kıy­ısını da kolo­ni­le­mi­şler­dir. M.Ö. 6. – 5. yüzy­ıl ara­sın­da Ana­do­lu, Pers­ler tara­fın­dan fet­he­dil­miş, ardın­dan Büy­ük İsk­end­er tara­fın­dan fet­he­dil­miş ve onun ölümün­den son­ra Hele­nis­tik dev­let­le­re (Biti­nya, Kapa­do­kya, Per­ga­mon ve Pon­tus) ayrıl­mıştır (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tür­ki­y­e’de Efe­ze, Ter­mes­sos, Hie­ra­po­lis ve İst­anb­ul­’da olmak üze­re birçok antik kalın­tı bulun­mak­ta­dır (orbi​on​.cz). Milat­tan önce 1. yüzy­ılın sonu­na doğru Yunan­lar, Roma İmp­ar­at­orl­uğu tara­fın­dan deği­şti­ril­di. 395’teki çöküşün­den son­ra Tür­ki­ye, Bizans İmp­ar­at­orl­uğ­u’­nun bir parça­sı hali­ne gel­di. 11. yüzy­ıl­dan iti­ba­ren Türk yer­le­şi­mi gerçek­le­şti. 1299’da Osman­lı İmp­ar­at­orl­uğ­u’­nun ilk padi­şa­hı Osman Gazi oldu. 1923’te Mus­ta­fa Kemal Ata­türk Tür­ki­ye Cum­hu­ri­y­eti­’ni kur­du. 2 mily­on Yunan Tür­ki­y­e’yi terk etti ve Yunan­ca, Arnav utça ve Bul­gar­ca konu­şan yak­la­şık 500.000 Müs­lüman Yuna­nis­ta­n’a göç etti (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tür­ki­y­e’de önem­li bir Kürt azın­lığı yaşamaktadır.

Tür­ki­ye, oldu­kça geniş bir ülke­dir ve ala­nı 780.580 km2’dir (wikit​ra​vel​.org) ve 2003 yılın­da 68 mily­on­dan faz­la nüfu­sa sahip­ti (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Tür­ki­y­e’nin dış poli­ti­ka­sı 20. yüzy­ıl­dan bu yana Avru­pa­’ya yöne­lik­tir. Tür­ki­ye, OEC­D’nin kuru­cu üyele­rin­den biri­dir ve 1952’de NATO­’ya katıl­dı. 1959’dan bu yana EEC üyeli­ği için başvu­ru­da bulun­du­ğun­dan beri, Avru­pa eko­no­mik yapıla­rına katıl­mak için aktif çaba sarf etmek­te­dir. Bugün Avru­pa Bir­li­ği­’ne üye olma­yı ama­çla­mak­ta­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Kapa­do­ky­a’da­ki kaya şehir­le­ri ve Pamuk­ka­le Mil­li Par­kı gibi ilgi­nç yer­ler ara­sın­da yer alır (orbi​on​.cz). Tür­ki­y­e’nin doğu­sun­dan (en dağlık) Fırat, Dic­le ve Aras nehir­le­ri kay­nak­lan­mak­ta­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). En yük­sek nok­ta­sı, Erme­nis­tan ile sınır olu­ştu­ran Ağrı Dağı’dır ve deniz sevi­y­esin­den 5.137 met­re yük­sek­lik­te­dir (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz).

Tür­ki­y­e’nin başken­ti Anka­ra­’dır. Diğer bili­nen şehir­ler ara­sın­da Anta­lya, en büy­ük şehir İst­anb­ul, İzm­ir, Trab­zon (wikit​ra​vel​.org), Bur­sa, Ada­na, Gazian­tep (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz) bulun­mak­ta­dır. İst­anb­ul, Avru­pa ve Asya olmak üze­re iki bölüme ayrıl­mış bir şehir­dir ve bu iki kıta­yı bir­le­şti­ren Boğa­zi­çi Köp­rüsü bulun­mak­ta­dır (wikit​ra​vel​.org). GDP’ye göre Tür­ki­ye dünya gene­lin­de 15. sıra­da­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). En popüler spor fut­bol­dur ve Beşik­taş İst­anb­ul, Fener­ba­hçe İst­anb­ul, Gala­ta­sa­ray İst­anb­ul gibi kulüp­ler (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz), Trab­zon­spor fut­bol takımı gibi takım­lar, genel­lik­le gele­nek­sel Avru­pa yarışma­la­rın­da etki­li olmak­ta­dır. Mil­li takım 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupa­sı’n­da 3. sıra­ya ulaştı.

Odka­zy

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