Krajina, Slovensko, Typ krajiny, Mestá, Slovenské mestá, Mestá, Stredné Považie, Fotografie

Trenčín – jedno z najstarších miest Slovenska

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Trenčín je centrom stredného Považia, významným centrom obchodu, hospodárstva, kultúry a športu (trencin.sk) a módy (Wikipedia). Tradíciu v meste majú výstavy a veľtrhy. Žije tu takmer 60000 obyvateľov. Mesto leží v nadmorskej výške 204 – 210 metrov nad morom. Jeho rozloha je takmer 82 km2. Má 10 katastrálnych území: Hanzlíková, , Kubra, Kubrica, , , , Záblatie, Trenčín a (trencin.sk). V roku 1850 žilo v Trenčíne 2602 obyvateľov, v roku 1900 7011, v roku 1970 29055 (Retrospektivní lexikon obcí ČSSR 1850 – 1970). Maďarské pomenovanie je , nemecký , latinský Trentsinium alebo Laugaricio. Trenčiansky úsek stredného Považia možno považovať za jednu z najsúvislejšie urbanizovaných aglomerácií na Slovensku – Trenčín, Nemšová, Trenčianske , Nová Dubnica, Dubnica nad Váhom, a Trenčianska Teplá – žije tu približne 120 000 obyvateľov. Cez mesto preteká rieka . Mesto má aj letisko, ktoré slúži aj na vojenské účely. V areáli sa nachádza podnik Letecké opravovne Trenčín, a. s., ktoré opravujú a z celého sveta. Vznikla tu aj Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka (Wikipedia).

Nachádza sa tu aj Galéria Miloša Alexandra Bazovského, výstavisko EXPO center. Pravidelne sa tu koná festival ,  pod hradom. V rámci EXPO center: Trenčín mesto módy, , Zlatá Fatima – producentov módy a , Beauty , Aqua – medzinárodná výstava vodného hospodárstva, hydroeneregetiky a ochrany životného prostredia. AS Trenčín je úspešný futbalový klub. hokejový. Rozvinutá je aj kanoistika, a florbal. Trenčín je hokejové mesto, a nielen z dôvodu dvoch zimných štadiónov – jeden nesie meno Pavla Demitru, druhý Mariána Gáboríka. Medzi ďalšie patrí: filmár Pavol Barabáš, historik Vojtech Zamarovský, maliar Miloš Alexander Bazovský, fotograf Karol Kállay, spisovateľka Nataša Tanská, filmový producent , režisér Igor Pietor, Ľubomír Vajdička, , herečka , , hudobník Richard Rybníček, dlhoročná šéfredaktorka vydavateľstva Kyseľová, duchovný , hokejista , moderátorky Jarmila Lajčáková Hargašová a Soňa Müllerová Behulová, Skrúcaný, Pavol Hamžík, Egon Lánsky, , Alexander Dubček (Wikipedia). Z minulosti samozrejme Matúš Čák, učiteľ Samuel Štúr – otec Ľudovíta (trencin.sk).

Trenčín patrí ku najstarším slovenským mestám. Najstaršie dokladajú prítomnosť človeka už pred 200 000 rokmi. Ešte pred príchodom Keltov viedla územím Trenčína cez Vlársky priesmyk jedna z vetiev „Jantárovej „, ktorou putovali etruskí, grécki a neskôr rímski zo stredomoria na Pobaltie (trencin.sk). V diele od grécko-rímskeho polyhistora Klaudia Ptolemaia (90 – 168) je pomenovanie mesta Leukaristos (Renáta Kaščáková, Jozef Gertli Danglár).

Na prelome letopočtu vytlačili Keltov zo severu a západu, predovšetkým Kvádi. Kvádi spolu s Markomanmi, sídliacimi na južnej Morave viedli časté boje s Rimanmi. Svedectvom týchto vojen je aj známy rímsky nápis na hradnej skale, ktorý tu zanechala II. pomocná légia, keď tu prezimovala v rokoch 179 – 180 (trencin.sk). V preklade ja na ňom napísané: Víťazstvu cisárov a vojska, ktoré sídlilo v Laugaríciu, v počte 855 vojakov II. légie, dal zhotoviť M.V. Maximianus, legát II. pomocnej légie (Jurčacko). Je pravdepodobné, že bol koncom 10. a začiatkom 11. storočia sídlom Vag, ktorú sa spomína v zakladacej listine pražského biskupstva z roku 1086 (trencin.sk). V roku 1241 mesto odolalo tatárskemu útoku (trencin.sk). Najväčšiu slávu zažilo mesto za Matúša Čáka Trenčianskeho začiatkom 14. storočia (trencin.sk). 19.2.1412 udelil Trenčínu štatút slobodného kráľovského mesta (trencin.sk). Mestská veža ( brána) bola súčasťou opevnenia začiatkom 15. storočia (trencin.sk).

V roku 1548 žilo v Trenčíne 222 rodín – asi 1 200 – 1 300 obyvateľov. Rok 1585, 1656, 1710 a 1716 zasiahol mesto , v roku 1593 a 1625 povodeň. V roku 1706 žilo v Trenčíne 1880 obyvateľov (trencin.sk). Morový stĺp v strede námestia bol postavený v roku 1712 ako spomienka na mor, ktorý postihol mesto v roku 1710 (trencin.sk). 14.5.1708 zhorelo v meste 195 . V roku 1787 žilo v Trenčíne už 4 222 obyvateľov. V roku 1790 požiar zničil aj hrad. V roku 1805 tadeto prechádzal ruský cár Alexander po bitke pri Slavkove. 26.8.1813 sa pri povodne takmer utopil František Palacký. Rok 1831 je rokom cholery (trencin.sk). V roku 1886 zachvátil mesto veľký požiar. Rok 1897 je rokom, kedy nórska firma postavila v meste nový oceľový cestný most cez Váh s dĺžkou 258 a šírkou 6 metrov. V roku 1904 grófka Ifigénia D`Arcourt darovala mestu Trenčiansky hrad. V roku 1919 mesto prekročilo hranicu 10 000 obyvateľov (10191) (trencin.sk).

V druhej polovici 19. storočia sa Trenčín stal významným obchodným a priemyselným centrom, postavená bola železnica. Od konca 19. storočia sa rozvinul priemysel, textilné továrne, liehovary, spracovanie gumy, dreva. Za prvej Československej republiky sa rozrástol odevný, potravinársky a strojársky priemysel. Po roku 1945 výstavníctvo (Wikipedia).

Trenčín is the center of central , a significant hub for commerce, economy, culture, and sports (trencin.sk) and fashion (). The city has a tradition of hosting exhibitions and fairs. It is home to nearly 60,000 residents and is situated at an elevation of 204 to 210 meters above sea level. Covering an area of almost 82 km2, it comprises 10 cadastral territories: Hanzlíková, Istebník, Kubra, Kubrica, Orechové, Opatová, Trenčianske Biskupice, Záblatie, Trenčín, and Zlatovce (trencin.sk). In 1850, Trenčín had a population of 2,602, which increased to 7,011 by 1900 and 29,055 by 1970 (Retrospektivní lexikon obcí ČSSR 1850 – 1970). Its Hungarian name is Trencsén, German Trentschin, Latin Trentsinium, or Laugaricio. The Trenčín section of central Považie can be considered one of the most continuously urbanized agglomerations in Slovakia, with approximately 120,000 inhabitants in the vicinity, including Trenčín, Nemšová, Trenčianske Teplice, Nová Dubnica, Dubnica nad Váhom, Ilava, and Trenčianska Teplá. The Váh River flows through the city, which also hosts an airport serving both civilian and military purposes. The area includes the company Letecké opravovne Trenčín, a.s., specializing in the repair of aircraft and helicopters from around the world. Trenčín is also home to the Trenčianska univerzita Alexandra Dubčeka (Wikipedia).

The city features the Galéria Miloša Alexandra Bazovského, EXPO center exhibition hall, and hosts regular events such as the Pohoda festival and Jazz pod hradom. Within the EXPO center, Trenčín is known for its fashion events, textile and clothing technology salons, Zlatá Fatima – a competition for fashion and clothing producers, , Aqua – an international exhibition of water management, hydroenergy, and environmental protection. The city is home to successful football and hockey clubs, AS Trenčín and Dukla Trenčín, respectively. Trenčín is recognized for its achievements in canoeing, handball, and floorball. Known as a hockey city, it boasts two winter stadiums, one named after Pavol Demitra and the other after Marián Gáborík. Notable personalities associated with Trenčín include filmmaker Pavol Barabáš, historian Vojtech Zamarovský, painter Miloš Alexander Bazovský, photographer , writer Nataša Tanská, film producer Rudolf Biermann, director Igor Pietor, Ľubomír Vajdička, Václav Mika, actress Ida Rapaičová, Marta Sládečková, musician Richard Rybníček, longtime editor-in-chief of Mladé Letá Lýdia Kyseľová, clergyman Marián Gavenda, hockey player Zdeno Chára, and TV presenters Jarmila Lajčáková Hargašová and Soňa Müllerová Behulová, among others (Wikipedia). From the past, notable figures include Matúš Čák and teacher Samuel Štúr, father of Ľudovít (trencin.sk).

Trenčín is one of the oldest Slovak cities, with archaeological findings suggesting human presence over 200,000 years ago. Prior to the arrival of the Celts, one branch of the „Amber Road,“ traveled by Etruscan, Greek, and later Roman traders from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, passed through the Trenčín region via the Vlársky Pass (trencin.sk). In the Geographia by the Greco-Roman polymath Claudius Ptolemy (90 – 168), the city is referred to as Leukaristos (Renáta Kaščáková, Jozef Gertli Danglár).

Around the turn of the era, Germanic tribes, particularly the Quadi, displaced the Celts from the north and west, specifically from the Kvádi region. The Quadi, along with the Marcomanni residing in southern Moravia, engaged in frequent battles with the Romans. Evidence of these wars is the well-known Roman inscription on the castle rock, left by the II. auxiliary legion when it wintered here in 179 – 180 (trencin.sk). Translated, the inscription reads: „To the victory of the emperors and the army, which resided in Laugarícius, numbering 855 soldiers of the II. auxiliary legion, M.V. Maximianus, the legate of the II. auxiliary legion, had it made“ (Jurčacko). It is likely that Trenčiansky hrad was the seat of the Vag province at the end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th century, as mentioned in the founding charter of the bishopric from 1086 (trencin.sk). In 1241, the city resisted a Tatar attack (trencin.sk). The greatest glory came to the city during the early 14th century under Matúš Čák Trenčianský (trencin.sk). On February 19, 1412, King Sigismund of Luxembourg granted Trenčín the status of a free royal city (trencin.sk). The city tower (Dolná brána) was part of the fortifications in the early 15th century (trencin.sk).

In 1548, Trenčín was home to 222 families, approximately 1,200-1,300 residents. In the years 1585, 1656, 1710, and 1716, the city faced plague outbreaks, while floods occurred in 1593 and 1625. In 1706, Trenčín had 1,880 inhabitants (trencin.sk). The plague column in the middle of the square was erected in 1712 as a memorial to the plague of 1710 (trencin.sk). On May 14, 1708, 195 houses burned down in the city. In 1787, Trenčín had 4,222 inhabitants. In 1790, a fire destroyed the castle, and in 1805, Russian Tsar Alexander passed through the city after the Battle of Slavkov. On August 26, 1813, František Palacký almost drowned in a flood. The year 1831 marked a epidemic (trencin.sk). In 1886, a major fire swept through the city. In 1897, the Norwegian company Gregersen built a new steel road bridge over the Váh, measuring 258 meters in length and 6 meters in width. In 1904, Countess Ifigénia D’Arcourt donated Trenčiansky hrad to the city. In 1919, the population exceeded 10,000 residents (10,191) (trencin.sk).

In the second half of the 19th century, Trenčín became a significant trade and industrial center, with the construction of the railway. Since the late 19th century, the city has seen the development of industry, including textile factories, distilleries, and wood processing. During the First Czechoslovak Republic, the city’s textile, food, and engineering industries expanded. After 1945, exhibitionism became prominent (Wikipedia).

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Krajina, Zahraničie, Fotografie, Turecko

Turecko – zaujímavá hornatá krajina

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leží pod Čiernym morom. Z dvoch strán ho obklopuje . Susedí so Sýriou, s Irakom, s Iránom, s Arménskom, s Gruzínskom. Malá časť územia leží v Európe Balkánskom poloostrove ( / Rumélia), väčšina územia leží v juhozápadnej Ázii – na poloostrove (). Obe časti oddeľuje úžina , a (Wikipedia.sk). Turecko je hornatá , najviac jeho časť.

Územie Turecka (Anatólia) patrí k najstarším trvalo osídleným regiónom na svete – ešte v neolite (Wikipedia.sk). Približne medzi 18. – 13. storočím pred Kristom bola na území dnešného Turecka staroveká Chetitská ríša. Neskôr tu existovala . Od 7. storočia pred Kristom , a . Od 12. storočia pred Kristom je kolonizované aiolskými, dórskymi a iónskymi Grékmi. Neskôr aj kolonizovali aj severné a južné pobrežie. V 6. – 5 storočí bola Anatólia dobytá Peržanmi, neskôr Alexandrom Macedónskym, po ktorého smrti sa rozpadla na helenistické štáty: , Kapadócia, a (Wikipedia.sk). V Turecku je veľké množstvo antických pamiatok, najmä v Efeze, Thermessose, Hierapolise a aj v Istanbule (orbion.cz). Koncom 1. storočia pred Kristom grékov vystriedala Rímska ríša. Po jej rozpade v roku 395 Turecko pripadlo Byzantskej ríši. Od 11. storočia dochádzalo ku tureckému osídľovaniu. V roku 1299 sa Osman I. stal prvým sultánom Osmanskej ríše. Vytrvala do roku 1923, kedy Mustafa Kemal Atatürk založil republiku. 2 milióny grékov opustilo Turecko a do Turecka odišlo asi 500 000 moslimov rozprávajúcich grécky, albánsky a bulharsky z Grécka (Wikipedia.sk). V Turecku žije početná kurdská menšina.  

Turecko je pomerne veľká krajina, jeho rozloha je 780 580 km2 (wikitravel.org), kde žilo v roku 2003 viac ako 68 miliónov obyvateľov (Wikipedia.cz). Turecká zahraničná je už v 20. storočí nasmerovaná do Európy. Turecko patrí ku zakladajúcim členom OECD, v roku 1952 vstupuje do . Od roku 1959, kedy si podalo žiadosť o členstvo v EHS, sa intenzívne snaží vstúpiť do európskych hospodárskych štruktúr. Dnes do Európskej únie (Wikipedia.sk). Zaujímavé sú skalné mesta v Kappadócii, národný park (orbion.cz). Vo východnom (najhornatejšom) Turecku pramenia , a (Wikipedia.cz). Najvyšším bodom je , ktorý sa týči do výšky 5137 metrov nad morom (Wikipedia.cz). Je hraničným vrchom s Arménskom.

Hlavným mestom Turecka je . Inými známymi mestami je Antalya, najväčšie mesto , napr. Izmir, Trabzon (wikitravel.org), Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep (Wikipedia.cz). Istanbul je mesto rozdelené na európsku a ázijskú časť. Spojenie týchto dvoch kontinentov zabezpečuje (wikitravel.org). Turecko je podľa na 15. mieste na svete (Wikipedia.cz). Najpopulárnejším športom je . ako , , , (Wikipedia.cz) futbalový fanúšik pozná, neraz sa výraznejšie presadili v tradičných európskych pohároch. Národný tím v roku 2002 dosiahol na Majstrovstvách sveta 3. miesto.

Turkey is located beneath the Black Sea and is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea on two sides. shares borders with Syria, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, and . A small part of its territory lies in on the Balkan Peninsula (Eastern Thrace / Rumelia), while the majority is situated in southwestern Asia on the Anatolian Peninsula. The Bosporus Strait, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles separate these two parts (.sk). Turkey is a mountainous , with its eastern part being the most mountainous.

The territory of Turkey (Anatolia) is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions globally, dating back to the Neolithic period (Wikipedia.sk). Approximately between the 18th and 13th centuries BCE, the ancient Hittite Empire existed in the present-day territory of Turkey. Later, Phrygia was established here. From the 7th century BCE, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia were present. From the 12th century BCE, the western coast was colonized by Aeolian, Dorian, and Ionian Greeks. Later, they also colonized the northern and southern coasts. In the 6th to 5th centuries BCE, Anatolia was conquered by the Persians, later by Alexander the Great, after whose death, it disintegrated into Hellenistic states: Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamon, and Pontus (Wikipedia.sk). Turkey boasts numerous ancient monuments, especially in Ephesus, Termessos, , and Istanbul (orbion.cz). By the end of the 1st century BCE, the Greeks were succeeded by the Empire. After its collapse in 395, Turkey became part of the Byzantine Empire. From the 11th century, Turkish settlement occurred. In 1299, Osman I became the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1923 when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established the republic. Two million Greeks left Turkey, and about 500,000 Muslims speaking Greek, Albanian, and Bulgarian moved to Turkey from Greece (Wikipedia.sk). A significant Kurdish minority resides in Turkey.

Turkey is a relatively large country with an area of 780,580 km2 (wikitravel.org), and it had over 68 million inhabitants in 2003 (Wikipedia.cz). Turkey’s foreign policy has been directed towards Europe since the 20th century. Turkey is a founding member of the OECD and joined NATO in 1952. Since 1959, when it applied for EEC membership, it has been actively seeking to join European economic structures. Today, it aspires to join the European Union (Wikipedia.sk). cities in Cappadocia and Pamukkale National Park are among the interesting sites (orbion.cz). The Euphrates, Tigris, and Aras rivers originate in eastern (most mountainous) Turkey (Wikipedia.cz). The highest point is Mount Ararat, reaching 5,137 meters above sea level (Wikipedia.cz). It is a border peak with Armenia.

The capital of Turkey is Ankara. Other well-known cities include Antalya, the largest Istanbul, Izmir, Trabzon (wikitravel.org), Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep (Wikipedia.cz). Istanbul is a city divided into European and Asian parts, connected by the Bosphorus Bridge (wikitravel.org). According to GDP, Turkey ranks 15th in the world (Wikipedia.cz). The most popular sport is football, with clubs like Besiktas Istanbul, Fenerbahce Istanbul, Galatasaray Istanbul, (Wikipedia.cz), and Trabzonspor, a football club known to fans, often making a significant impact in traditional European competitions. The national team achieved 3rd place in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Türkiye, Karadeniz’in altında yer almaktadır. İki tarafından Akdeniz çevrelemektedir. Suriye, , İran, Ermenistan ve Gürcistan ile komşudur. Toprağının küçük bir kısmı Balkan Yarımadası’nda Avrupa’da bulunurken, çoğunluğu Anadolu Yarımadası’nda Güneybatı Asya’da yer almaktadır. Bu iki bölgeyi Boğaziçi Boğazı, Marmara Denizi ve Çanakkale Boğazı ayırmaktadır (Wikipedia.sk). Türkiye dağlık bir ülkedir, özellikle doğu kısmı en dağlık olanıdır.

Türkiye’nin toprakları (Anadolu), dünyanın en eski sürekli yerleşim bölgelerinden birine aittir ve bu yerleşim neolitik döneme kadar uzanmaktadır (Wikipedia.sk). Yaklaşık M.Ö. 18. – 13. yüzyıl arasında bugünkü Türkiye topraklarında antik Hitit İmparatorluğu bulunmaktaydı. Daha sonra Frigya burada var olmuştur. M.Ö. 7. yüzyıldan itibaren Lidya, Karialı ve Likya var olmuştur. M.Ö. 12. yüzyıldan itibaren batı kıyısı, Ege, Dor ve İyon Grekleri tarafından kolonize edilmiştir. Daha sonra kuzey ve güney kıyısını da kolonilemişlerdir. M.Ö. 6. – 5. yüzyıl arasında Anadolu, Persler tarafından fethedilmiş, ardından Büyük İskender tarafından fethedilmiş ve onun ölümünden sonra Helenistik devletlere (Bitinya, Kapadokya, Pergamon ve Pontus) ayrılmıştır (Wikipedia.sk). Türkiye’de Efeze, Termessos, Hierapolis ve İstanbul’da olmak üzere birçok antik kalıntı bulunmaktadır (orbion.cz). Milattan önce 1. yüzyılın sonuna doğru Yunanlar, Roma İmparatorluğu tarafından değiştirildi. 395’teki çöküşünden sonra Türkiye, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun bir parçası haline geldi. 11. yüzyıldan itibaren Türk yerleşimi gerçekleşti. 1299’da Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun ilk padişahı Osman Gazi oldu. 1923’te Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ni kurdu. 2 milyon Yunan Türkiye’yi terk etti ve Yunanca, Arnav utça ve Bulgarca konuşan yaklaşık 500.000 Müslüman Yunanistan’a göç etti (Wikipedia.sk). Türkiye’de önemli bir Kürt azınlığı yaşamaktadır.

Türkiye, oldukça geniş bir ülkedir ve alanı 780.580 km2’dir (wikitravel.org) ve 2003 yılında 68 milyondan fazla nüfusa sahipti (Wikipedia.cz). Türkiye’nin dış politikası 20. yüzyıldan bu yana Avrupa’ya yöneliktir. Türkiye, OECD’nin kurucu üyelerinden biridir ve 1952’de NATO’ya katıldı. 1959’dan bu yana EEC üyeliği için başvuruda bulunduğundan beri, Avrupa ekonomik yapılarına katılmak için aktif çaba sarf etmektedir. Bugün Avrupa Birliği’ne üye olmayı amaçlamaktadır (Wikipedia.sk). Kapadokya’daki kaya şehirleri ve Pamukkale Milli Parkı gibi ilginç yerler arasında yer alır (orbion.cz). Türkiye’nin doğusundan (en dağlık) Fırat, Dicle ve Aras nehirleri kaynaklanmaktadır (Wikipedia.cz). En yüksek noktası, Ermenistan ile sınır oluşturan Ağrı Dağı’dır ve deniz seviyesinden 5.137 metre yüksekliktedir (Wikipedia.cz).

Türkiye’nin başkenti Ankara’dır. Diğer bilinen şehirler arasında Antalya, en büyük şehir İstanbul, İzmir, Trabzon (wikitravel.org), Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep (Wikipedia.cz) bulunmaktadır. İstanbul, Avrupa ve Asya olmak üzere iki bölüme ayrılmış bir şehirdir ve bu iki kıtayı birleştiren Boğaziçi Köprüsü bulunmaktadır (wikitravel.org). GDP’ye göre Türkiye dünya genelinde 15. sıradadır (Wikipedia.cz). En popüler spor futboldur ve Beşiktaş İstanbul, Fenerbahçe İstanbul, Galatasaray İstanbul gibi kulüpler (Wikipedia.cz), Trabzonspor takımı gibi takımlar, genellikle geleneksel Avrupa yarışmalarında etkili olmaktadır. Milli takım 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası’nda 3. sıraya ulaştı.