Krajina, Slovensko, Objekty, predmety a priestory, Obce, Slovenské, Spiš, Umenie, Zámky, Stavby, Fotografie, Spišské obce

Markušovce

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ležia v južnej časti Hornádskej kotline, neďaleko od Spišskej Novej Vsi (História Markušoviec pre budúcnosť obec a zásady ochrany pamiatkovej zóny, Krajský pamiatkový úrad Košice, pracovisko Spišská Nová Ves). Pri sútoku Levočského potoka s Hornádom (markusovce.sk) v nadmorskej výške 435 metrov nad morom (Wikipedia). Markušovce sú súčasťou národného parku (markusovce.sk). rozlohe 18.51 km2 tu žije 4546 obyvateľov (Wikipedia). Prvé zmienky o Markušovciach sú zo začiatku 12, storočia. v roku 1241 Markušovce vyplienili. Osada sa predtým nazývala Svätý , nové meno dostala „“ – . Markušovce sa v priebehu stredoveku vyvinuli na významné sídlo. V roku 1527 bol zničený. Následne bol obnovovaný a ničený požiarmi. Zachovalo sa aj 10 kaštieľov a kúrií. Opevnený renesančný kaštieľ bol dostavaný v roku 1643 (História Markušoviec pre budúcnosť obec a zásady ochrany pamiatkovej zóny, Krajský pamiatkový úrad Košice, pracovisko Spišská Nová Ves). 

Markušovce ležia na gotickej ceste, jej dejiny sú úzko späté s rodinou Mariášiovcov. V ňom sa nachádza nádherná expozícia historického nábytku. Vznikla pri pamiatkovej obnove v rokoch 1984 – 1994. Pôvodne bol renesančnou pevnosťou s nárožnými vežami, obohnaný priekopou. Rokokovú prestavbu realizoval v rokoch 1770 – 1775. Pri príchodu cisára Jozefa II. dal v parku kaštieľa postaviť . (Informačná tabuľa). Na hornej terase parku bol vybudovaný (História Markušoviec pre budúcnosť obec a zásady ochrany pamiatkovej zóny, Krajský pamiatkový úrad Košice, pracovisko Spišská Nová Ves). V rokokovom letohrádku z 18. storočia je inštalovaná vzácna expozícia klávesových hudobných nástrojov, jediná svojho druhu na Slovensku. Vznikla pri pamiatkovej obnove v rokoch 1984 – 1994 (Informačná tabuľa). 

: , , , , , , . Maďarsky je to , , nemecky . V druhej polovici 19. storočia s Markušovcami splynula obec . V roku 1787 tu v 65 domoch žilo 408 obyvateľov. Zapodievali sa okrem poľnohospodárstva práci v lese a v baniach. Neskôr tu fungovala pražiareň železnej . V roku 1892 tu vznikol drevársky závod. V rokoch 1880 – 1890 postihlo Markušovce veľké (markusovce.sk).

Markušovce is located in the southern part of the Basin, near Spišská (History of Markušovce for the Future of the Municipality and Principles for Protecting the Heritage Zone, Regional Monument Office , Workplace). lies at the confluence of the Levočský Stream and the Hornád River (markusovce.sk) at an altitude of 435 meters above sea level (). Markušovce is part of the Slovak Paradise National Park (markusovce.sk). The municipality covers an area of 18.51 km² and is home to 4,546 residents (Wikipedia). The mentions of Markušovce date back to the early 12th century. In 1241, the Tatars plundered Markušovce. The settlement was originally named Saint Michael (Svätý Michal) but was later renamed „Terra Marci“ – ‚s Land. During the Middle Ages, Markušovce developed into a significant settlement. In 1527, Markušovský Castle was destroyed and subsequently rebuilt, only to be damaged by fires multiple times. Additionally, 10 manor houses and mansions have been preserved. A fortified Renaissance mansion was completed in 1643 (History of Markušovce for the Future of the Municipality and Principles for Protecting the Heritage Zone, Regional Monument Office Košice, Spišská Nová Ves Workplace).

Markušovce is situated on the Gothic Route, and its history is closely tied to the Mariássy family. The mansion features a stunning exhibition of historical furniture, which was created during a restoration project between 1984 and 1994. Originally, it was a Renaissance fortress with corner towers, surrounded by a moat. Wolfgang Mariássy carried out a Rococo renovation between 1770 and 1775. To commemorate Emperor Joseph II’s visit, the Dardanely Summerhouse was built in the mansion park (Information Board). On the upper terrace of the park, the Dardanely Summerhouse was constructed (History of Markušovce for the Future of the Municipality and Principles for Protecting the Heritage Zone, Regional Monument Office Košice, Spišská Nová Ves Workplace). The Rococo summerhouse from the 18th century houses a rare exhibition of keyboard musical instruments, the only one of its kind in . This exhibition was also created during the restoration project between 1984 and 1994 (Information Board).

Historical names of the municipality include Villa Marci, Szentmichalur, Mariusdorf, Marcusfalua, Zentmyhal, Markussowcze, and Markusfalua. In Hungarian, it is known as Márkusfalu or Markuscsepánfalu, and in German as Marksdorf. In the second half of the 19th century, the village of Čepanovce merged with Markušovce. In 1787, the village had 65 houses and 408 inhabitants, who worked in agriculture, forestry, and mining. Later, an iron ore roasting plant operated here. In 1892, a timber factory was established. Between 1880 and 1890, Markušovce experienced significant emigration (markusovce.sk).

Krajina, Zahraničie, Fotografie, Turecko

Turecko – zaujímavá hornatá krajina

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leží pod Čiernym morom. Z dvoch strán ho obklopuje . Susedí so Sýriou, s Irakom, s Iránom, s Arménskom, s Gruzínskom. Malá časť územia leží v Európe na Balkánskom poloostrove ( Trácia / ), väčšina územia leží v juhozápadnej Ázii – na poloostrove (). Obe časti oddeľuje úžina Bospor, a (Wikipedia.sk). Turecko je hornatá krajina, najviac jeho východná časť.

Územie Turecka (Anatólia) patrí k najstarším trvalo osídleným regiónom na svete – ešte v neolite (Wikipedia.sk). Približne medzi 18. – 13. storočím pred Kristom bola na území dnešného Turecka staroveká . Neskôr tu existovala . Od 7. storočia pred Kristom , a . Od 12. storočia pred Kristom je kolonizované aiolskými, dórskymi a iónskymi Grékmi. Neskôr aj kolonizovali aj severné a južné pobrežie. V 6. – 5 storočí bola Anatólia dobytá Peržanmi, neskôr Alexandrom Macedónskym, po ktorého smrti sa rozpadla na helenistické štáty: Bitýnia, , a (Wikipedia.sk). V Turecku je veľké množstvo antických pamiatok, najmä v Efeze, Thermessose, Hierapolise a aj v Istanbule (orbion.cz). Koncom 1. storočia pred Kristom grékov vystriedala . Po jej rozpade v roku 395 Turecko pripadlo Byzantskej ríši. Od 11. storočia dochádzalo ku tureckému osídľovaniu. V roku 1299 sa Osman I. stal prvým sultánom Osmanskej ríše. Vytrvala do roku 1923, kedy založil republiku. 2 milióny grékov opustilo Turecko a do Turecka odišlo asi 500 000 moslimov rozprávajúcich grécky, albánsky a bulharsky z Grécka (Wikipedia.sk). V Turecku žije početná kurdská menšina.  

Turecko je pomerne veľká krajina, jeho rozloha je 780 580 km2 (wikitravel.org), kde žilo v roku 2003 viac ako 68 miliónov obyvateľov (Wikipedia.cz). Turecká zahraničná je už v 20. storočí nasmerovaná do Európy. Turecko patrí ku zakladajúcim členom OECD, v roku 1952 vstupuje do . Od roku 1959, kedy si podalo žiadosť o členstvo v EHS, sa intenzívne snaží vstúpiť do európskych hospodárskych štruktúr. Dnes do Európskej únie (Wikipedia.sk). Zaujímavé sú skalné mesta v Kappadócii, národný park (orbion.cz). Vo východnom (najhornatejšom) Turecku pramenia , a (Wikipedia.cz). Najvyšším bodom je , ktorý sa týči do výšky 5137 metrov nad morom (Wikipedia.cz). Je hraničným vrchom s Arménskom.

Hlavným mestom Turecka je . Inými známymi mestami je Antalya, najväčšie mesto , napr. Izmir, Trabzon (wikitravel.org), Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep (Wikipedia.cz). Istanbul je mesto rozdelené na európsku a ázijskú časť. Spojenie týchto dvoch kontinentov zabezpečuje (wikitravel.org). Turecko je podľa na 15. mieste na svete (Wikipedia.cz). Najpopulárnejším športom je . ako , , , (Wikipedia.cz) futbalový fanúšik pozná, neraz sa výraznejšie presadili v tradičných európskych pohároch. Národný tím v roku 2002 dosiahol na Majstrovstvách sveta 3. miesto.

Turkey is located beneath the Black Sea and is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea on two sides. shares borders with Syria, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, and . A small part of its territory lies in on the Balkan Peninsula (Eastern Thrace / Rumelia), while the majority is situated in southwestern Asia on the Anatolian Peninsula. The Bosporus Strait, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles separate these two parts (.sk). Turkey is a mountainous , with its eastern part being the most mountainous.

The territory of Turkey (Anatolia) is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions globally, dating back to the Neolithic period (Wikipedia.sk). Approximately between the 18th and 13th centuries BCE, the ancient Hittite Empire existed in the present-day territory of Turkey. Later, Phrygia was established here. From the 7th century BCE, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia were present. From the 12th century BCE, the western coast was colonized by Aeolian, Dorian, and Ionian Greeks. Later, they also colonized the northern and southern coasts. In the 6th to 5th centuries BCE, Anatolia was conquered by the Persians, later by Alexander the Great, after whose death, it disintegrated into Hellenistic states: Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamon, and Pontus (Wikipedia.sk). Turkey boasts numerous ancient monuments, especially in Ephesus, Termessos, , and Istanbul (orbion.cz). By the end of the 1st century BCE, the Greeks were succeeded by the Empire. After its collapse in 395, Turkey became part of the Byzantine Empire. From the 11th century, Turkish settlement occurred. In 1299, Osman I became the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1923 when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established the republic. Two million Greeks left Turkey, and about 500,000 Muslims speaking Greek, Albanian, and Bulgarian moved to Turkey from Greece (Wikipedia.sk). A significant Kurdish minority resides in Turkey.

Turkey is a relatively large country with an area of 780,580 km2 (wikitravel.org), and it had over 68 million inhabitants in 2003 (Wikipedia.cz). Turkey’s foreign policy has been directed towards Europe since the 20th century. Turkey is a founding member of the OECD and joined NATO in 1952. Since 1959, when it applied for EEC membership, it has been actively seeking to join European economic structures. Today, it aspires to join the European Union (Wikipedia.sk). cities in Cappadocia and Pamukkale National Park are among the interesting sites (orbion.cz). The Euphrates, Tigris, and Aras rivers originate in eastern (most mountainous) Turkey (Wikipedia.cz). The highest point is Mount Ararat, reaching 5,137 meters above sea level (Wikipedia.cz). It is a border peak with Armenia.

The capital of Turkey is Ankara. Other well-known cities include Antalya, the largest city Istanbul, Izmir, Trabzon (wikitravel.org), Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep (Wikipedia.cz). Istanbul is a city divided into European and Asian parts, connected by the Bosphorus Bridge (wikitravel.org). According to GDP, Turkey ranks 15th in the world (Wikipedia.cz). The most popular sport is football, with clubs like Besiktas Istanbul, Fenerbahce Istanbul, Galatasaray Istanbul, (Wikipedia.cz), and Trabzonspor, a football club known to fans, often making a significant impact in traditional European competitions. The national achieved 3rd place in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Türkiye, Karadeniz’in altında yer almaktadır. İki tarafından Akdeniz çevrelemektedir. Suriye, , İran, Ermenistan ve Gürcistan ile komşudur. Toprağının küçük bir kısmı Balkan Yarımadası’nda Avrupa’da bulunurken, çoğunluğu Anadolu Yarımadası’nda Güneybatı Asya’da yer almaktadır. Bu iki bölgeyi Boğaziçi Boğazı, Marmara Denizi ve Çanakkale Boğazı ayırmaktadır (Wikipedia.sk). Türkiye dağlık bir ülkedir, özellikle doğu kısmı en dağlık olanıdır.

Türkiye’nin toprakları (Anadolu), dünyanın en eski sürekli yerleşim bölgelerinden birine aittir ve bu yerleşim neolitik döneme kadar uzanmaktadır (Wikipedia.sk). Yaklaşık M.Ö. 18. – 13. yüzyıl arasında bugünkü Türkiye topraklarında antik Hitit İmparatorluğu bulunmaktaydı. Daha sonra Frigya burada olmuştur. M.Ö. 7. yüzyıldan itibaren Lidya, Karialı ve Likya var olmuştur. M.Ö. 12. yüzyıldan itibaren batı kıyısı, Ege, Dor ve İyon Grekleri tarafından kolonize edilmiştir. Daha sonra kuzey ve güney kıyısını da kolonilemişlerdir. M.Ö. 6. – 5. yüzyıl arasında Anadolu, Persler tarafından fethedilmiş, ardından Büyük İskender tarafından fethedilmiş ve onun ölümünden sonra Helenistik devletlere (Bitinya, Kapadokya, Pergamon ve Pontus) ayrılmıştır (Wikipedia.sk). Türkiye’de Efeze, Termessos, Hierapolis ve İstanbul’da olmak üzere birçok antik kalıntı bulunmaktadır (orbion.cz). Milattan önce 1. yüzyılın sonuna doğru Yunanlar, Roma İmparatorluğu tarafından değiştirildi. 395’teki çöküşünden sonra Türkiye, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun bir parçası haline geldi. 11. yüzyıldan itibaren Türk yerleşimi gerçekleşti. 1299’da Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun ilk padişahı Osman Gazi oldu. 1923’te Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ni kurdu. 2 milyon Yunan Türkiye’yi terk etti ve Yunanca, Arnav utça ve Bulgarca konuşan yaklaşık 500.000 Müslüman Yunanistan’a göç etti (Wikipedia.sk). Türkiye’de önemli bir Kürt azınlığı yaşamaktadır.

Türkiye, oldukça geniş bir ülkedir ve alanı 780.580 km2’dir (wikitravel.org) ve 2003 yılında 68 milyondan fazla nüfusa sahipti (Wikipedia.cz). Türkiye’nin dış politikası 20. yüzyıldan bu yana Avrupa’ya yöneliktir. Türkiye, OECD’nin kurucu üyelerinden biridir ve 1952’de NATO’ya katıldı. 1959’dan bu yana EEC üyeliği için başvuruda bulunduğundan beri, Avrupa ekonomik yapılarına katılmak için aktif çaba sarf etmektedir. Bugün Avrupa Birliği’ne üye olmayı amaçlamaktadır (Wikipedia.sk). Kapadokya’daki kaya şehirleri ve Pamukkale Milli Parkı gibi ilginç yerler arasında yer alır (orbion.cz). Türkiye’nin doğusundan (en dağlık) Fırat, Dicle ve Aras nehirleri kaynaklanmaktadır (Wikipedia.cz). En yüksek noktası, Ermenistan ile sınır oluşturan Ağrı Dağı’dır ve deniz seviyesinden 5.137 metre yüksekliktedir (Wikipedia.cz).

Türkiye’nin başkenti Ankara’dır. Diğer bilinen şehirler arasında Antalya, en büyük şehir İstanbul, İzmir, Trabzon (wikitravel.org), Bursa, Adana, Gaziantep (Wikipedia.cz) bulunmaktadır. İstanbul, Avrupa ve Asya olmak üzere iki bölüme ayrılmış bir şehirdir ve bu iki kıtayı birleştiren Boğaziçi Köprüsü bulunmaktadır (wikitravel.org). GDP’ye göre Türkiye dünya genelinde 15. sıradadır (Wikipedia.cz). En popüler spor futboldur ve Beşiktaş İstanbul, Fenerbahçe İstanbul, Galatasaray İstanbul gibi kulüpler (Wikipedia.cz), Trabzonspor takımı gibi takımlar, genellikle geleneksel Avrupa yarışmalarında etkili olmaktadır. Milli takım 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası’nda 3. sıraya ulaştı.

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