2011-2015, 2013, Časová línia, Krajina, Mestá, Mestá, Slovenská krajina, Slovenské, Tekov, Typ krajiny

Slobodné kráľovské mesto Kremnica

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Krem­ni­ca je baníc­ke mes­to, v kto­rom sa od 10. sto­ro­čia ťaží zla­to a strieb­ro. Jeho nemec­ké pome­no­va­nie je Krem­nitz, maďar­ské Kör­möc­bá­nya, latin­ské Crem­ni­cium. Na roz­lo­he 43.13 km2 tu žije 5 356 oby­va­te­ľov. Leží v Krem­nic­kých vrchoch v sever­nej čas­ti Teko­va. Od roku 1328 je slo­bod­ným krá­ľov­ským mes­tom. Bola pre­zý­va­ná aj ako Zla­tá Krem­ni­ca. Min­cov­ňa v Krem­ni­ci je naj­star­šou min­cov­ňou na sve­te, fun­gu­je dodnes od roku 1328 (Wiki­pe­dia). Prvá písom­ná zmien­ka o Krem­ni­ci je z roku 1328. His­to­ric­ké náz­vy mes­ta: Crem­nych­ba­na, Krem­ni­cia, Crem­nic, Crem­nech, Crem­necz, Crem­nuch, Cremp­nuch, Chremp­ni­chya, Crem­ni­cia, Kremb­ni­cia. Na začiat­ku 15. sto­ro­čia žilo v Krem­ni­ci asi v 250 domoch 3 000 oby­va­te­ľov. V 15. a 16. sto­ro­čí sa povr­cho­vé ložis­ká vyčer­pa­li a ban­ská ťaž­ba zača­la upa­dať. V 18. sto­ro­čí tu pôso­bi­li vo väč­šom počte želia­ri, baní­ci, tesá­ri, čiž­má­ri, deb­ná­ri, klo­buč­ní­ci, ková­či, murá­ri, zámoč­ní­ci, mäsia­ri, zlat­ní­ci, súken­ní­ci, kraj­čí­ri, kožuš­ni­ci, gar­bia­ri, šev­ci, min­cia­ri, kra­má­ri. V roku 1880 pos­tih­lo mes­to zeme­tra­se­nie zrú­te­ním sta­rých šácht a štôl­ní. Do začiat­ku 20. sto­ro­čia mali v mes­te pre­va­hu Nemci (Vlas­ti­ved­ný slov­ník obcí na Slo­ven­sku, 2. časť). Krem­nic­ké zla­té duká­ty – flo­ré­ny, pat­ri­li k naj­hod­not­nej­ším min­ciam v Euró­pe. Vyra­zi­li ich 21.5 mili­ó­nov (mint​.sk). Mest­ský hrad je národ­nou kul­túr­nou pamiat­kou (Wiki­pe­dia). Kar­ner – rotun­da svä­té­ho Ondre­ja z 13. sto­ro­čia. Kos­tol svä­tej Kata­rí­ny je dolo­že­ný zo 14. sto­ro­čia. Gotic­ká socha Mado­ny je zo začiat­ku 16 sto­ro­čia. Špi­tál­sky kos­tol svä­tej Alž­be­ty je z kon­ca 14. sto­ro­čia. Baro­ko­vá kláš­tor fran­tiš­ká­nov s kos­to­lom je zo 17. sto­ro­čia. Neskôr bol roz­ší­re­ný o lore­tán­sku kapl­n­ku. V 15. sto­ro­čí vznik­la v Krem­ni­ci cir­kev­ná kniž­ni­ca. V roku 1739 kniž­ni­ca fran­tiš­ká­nov. Nachá­dza­jú sa v nej aj prvo­tla­če z Nemec­ka a Talian­ska. V kniž­ni­ci a archí­ve rím­sko­ka­to­líc­kej fary sú stre­do­ve­ké ruko­pis­né kóde­xy zo 14. a 15. sto­ro­čia. Aj mno­hé ďal­šie kniž­ni­ce obsa­hu­jú veľ­mi cen­né tla­če. V Krem­ni­ci sa zacho­va­li ban­ské dvoj­pod­laž­né domy z kon­ca 17. a začiat­ku 18. sto­ro­čia. V 16. a 17. sto­ro­čí tu vyrá­ba­li orga­ny Matej Burian a Mar­tin Stir­bitz (e‑obce.sk).

Neďa­le­ko od Krem­ni­ce sa nachá­dza­jú rekre­ač­né stre­dis­ká Skal­ka a Kra­hu­le. Bie­la sto­pa sú pre­te­ky v bežec­kom lyžo­va­ní s boha­tou his­tó­ri­ou. Ter­mál­ne kúpa­lis­ko Kata­rí­na napá­ja ter­mál­ny pra­meň, kto­ré­ho voda je mier­ne rádi­oak­tív­na a sil­ne mine­ra­li­zo­va­ná. Tep­lo­ta vody pri výto­ku je 36°C, má lie­čeb­né účin­ky (Wiki­pe­dia). Oby­va­te­lia mes­ta boli okrem domá­cich aj z Talian­ska, Bavor­ska, Rakús­ka, Sliez­ska a Čiech (min­cia­ri z Kut­nej Hory) (visitk​rem​ni​ca​.com). Krem­ni­ca sa sta­la jed­ným z cen­tier býva­lých nemec­kých jazy­ko­vých ostro­vov na stred­nom Slo­ven­sku, kto­ré sa až v 20. sto­ro­čí zača­li nazý­vať Hau­er­land. Medzi osob­nos­ti mes­ta pat­rí: pro­zaik Gus­táv Kazi­mír Zechenter-​Laskomerský, spi­so­va­teľ Jozef Cíger-​Hronský, herec Ladi­slav Chu­dík, hus­lis­ta Peter Micha­li­ca, bas­ket­ba­lis­ta Sta­ni­slav Kro­pi­lák, cho­dec Jozef Pri­bi­li­nec (Wiki­pe­dia), hudob­ný skla­da­teľ Ján Levo­slav Bel­la (e‑obce.sk).

Usku­toč­ňu­je sa tu via­ce­ro ume­lec­kých a špor­to­vých podu­ja­tí. Krem­nic­ké gagy je európ­sky fes­ti­val humo­ru a sati­ry, kto­rý sa koná kon­com augus­ta od roku 1980. Hud­ba pod dia­man­to­vou klen­bou je hudob­ný fes­ti­val Pet­ra Micha­li­cu. Krem­nic­ký hrad­ný organ je medzi­ná­rod­ný orga­no­vý fes­ti­val, kto­rý sa koná od roku 1996 v kos­to­le svä­tej Kata­rí­ny. Krem­nic­ká Baš­ta je folk­o­vý a akus­tic­ký fes­ti­val. Cecho­vé hody sú novým podu­ja­tím poria­da­ným od roku 2009 (Wiki­pe­dia). Ďal­ším podu­ja­tím je Bel­lov fes­ti­val dycho­vých hudieb (visitk​rem​ni​ca​.com).


Krem­ni­ca is a mining town that has been extrac­ting gold and sil­ver sin­ce the 10th cen­tu­ry. Its Ger­man name is Krem­nitz, Hun­ga­rian Kör­möc­bá­nya, and Latin Crem­ni­cium. With an area of 43.13 km², it is home to 5,356 inha­bi­tants. It is situ­ated in the Krem­ni­ca Moun­tains in the nort­hern part of Tekov. Sin­ce 1328, it has been a free roy­al town and was also kno­wn as Gol­den Krem­ni­ca. The Krem­ni­ca Mint is the worl­d’s oldest con­ti­nu­ous­ly ope­ra­ting mint, func­ti­oning sin­ce 1328 (Wiki­pe­dia). The first writ­ten men­ti­on of Krem­ni­ca dates back to 1328. His­to­ri­cal names of the town inc­lu­de Crem­nych­ba­na, Krem­ni­cia, Crem­nic, Crem­nech, Crem­necz, Crem­nuch, Cremp­nuch, Chremp­ni­chya, Crem­ni­cia, and Kremb­ni­cia. In the ear­ly 15th cen­tu­ry, Krem­ni­ca had around 3,000 inha­bi­tants living in about 250 hou­ses. As sur­fa­ce depo­sits were dep­le­ted in the 15th and 16th cen­tu­ries, sur­fa­ce mining dec­li­ned. In the 18th cen­tu­ry, vari­ous crafts­men and pro­fes­si­onals such as blacks­miths, miners, car­pen­ters, cobb­lers, coopers, hat­ters, locks­miths, but­chers, golds­miths, tai­lors, fur­riers, tan­ners, sho­ema­kers, min­ters, and shop­ke­e­pers wor­ked in the town. In 1880, an eart­hqu­ake cau­sed the col­lap­se of old shafts and gal­le­ries. Until the ear­ly 20th cen­tu­ry, Ger­mans were the majo­ri­ty in the town (Vlas­ti­ved­ný slov­ník obcí na Slo­ven­sku, Part 2). Krem­ni­ca­’s gold ducats – flo­rins were among the most valu­ab­le coins in Euro­pe, with 21.5 mil­li­on pie­ces min­ted (mint​.sk). The Muni­ci­pal Cast­le is a nati­onal cul­tu­ral monu­ment (Wiki­pe­dia). The Kar­ner – Rotun­da of St. Andrew from the 13th cen­tu­ry, the Church of St. Cat­he­ri­ne docu­men­ted from the 14th cen­tu­ry, and the Got­hic Madon­na sta­tue from the ear­ly 16th cen­tu­ry are notab­le his­to­ri­cal sites. The Hos­pi­tal Church of St. Eli­za­beth dates back to the late 14th cen­tu­ry, and the Baro­que Fran­cis­can Monas­te­ry with a church is from the 17th cen­tu­ry, expan­ded later with a Lore­to cha­pel. In the 15th cen­tu­ry, a church lib­ra­ry was estab­lis­hed in Krem­ni­ca, fol­lo­wed by the Fran­cis­can lib­ra­ry in 1739. The­se lib­ra­ries con­tain incu­na­bu­la from Ger­ma­ny and Ita­ly. The church lib­ra­ry and archi­ves of the Roman Cat­ho­lic parish hou­se medie­val manusc­ript codi­ces from the 14th and 15th cen­tu­ries. Many other lib­ra­ries in Krem­ni­ca also hou­se valu­ab­le prints. Two-​story mining hou­ses from the late 17th and ear­ly 18th cen­tu­ries are still pre­ser­ved. In the 16th and 17th cen­tu­ries, organs were craf­ted by Matej Burian and Mar­tin Stir­bitz (e‑obce.sk).

Rec­re­a­ti­onal resorts Skal­ka and Kra­hu­le are loca­ted near Krem­ni­ca. Bie­la sto­pa is a cross-​country ski­ing com­pe­ti­ti­on with a rich his­to­ry. The Kata­rí­na Ther­mal Pool is supp­lied by a ther­mal spring with slight­ly radi­oac­ti­ve and high­ly mine­ra­li­zed water, kno­wn for its the­ra­pe­utic effects, with a tem­pe­ra­tu­re of 36°C at the out­let (Wiki­pe­dia). Besi­des locals, resi­dents of Krem­ni­ca inc­lu­ded peop­le from Ita­ly, Bava­ria, Aus­tria, Sile­sia, and Bohe­mia (min­ters from Kut­ná Hora) (visitk​rem​ni​ca​.com). Krem­ni­ca beca­me one of the cen­ters of the for­mer Ger­man lan­gu­age islands in cen­tral Slo­va­kia, col­lec­ti­ve­ly kno­wn as Hau­er­land, a term that emer­ged in the 20th cen­tu­ry. Notab­le per­so­na­li­ties from the town inc­lu­de the pro­se wri­ter Gus­táv Kazi­mír Zechenter-​Laskomerský, wri­ter Jozef Cíger-​Hronský, actor Ladi­slav Chu­dík, violi­nist Peter Micha­li­ca, bas­ket­ball pla­y­er Sta­ni­slav Kro­pi­lák, race­wal­ker Jozef Pri­bi­li­nec (Wiki­pe­dia), and com­po­ser Ján Levo­slav Bel­la (e‑obce.sk).

Seve­ral artis­tic and spor­ting events take pla­ce in Krem­ni­ca. Krem­nic­ké gagy is a Euro­pe­an fes­ti­val of humor and sati­re held sin­ce 1980 at the end of August. Hud­ba pod dia­man­to­vou klen­bou is a music fes­ti­val ini­tia­ted by Peter Micha­li­ca. Krem­nic­ký hrad­ný organ is an inter­na­ti­onal organ fes­ti­val held sin­ce 1996 in the Church of St. Cat­he­ri­ne. Krem­nic­ká Baš­ta is a folk and acous­tic fes­ti­val. Cecho­vé hody is a new event orga­ni­zed sin­ce 2009 (Wiki­pe­dia). Anot­her event is the Bel­lov Fes­ti­val of brass bands (visitk​rem​ni​ca​.com).


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2006-2010, 2009, Časová línia, Európske, Krajina, Mestá, Mestá, Talianske mestá, Taliansko, Typ krajiny, Zahraničie

Verona – romantické mesto Rómea a Júlie

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Na plo­che nece­lých 207 km2 žije cca 265 000 oby­va­te­ľov (wikipedia.en). Cez mes­to tečie rie­ka Adi­ža (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). V uli­ci Capel­lo, sto­jí Casa di Giu­liet­ta, stre­do­ve­ký meš­tian­sky dom, kto­rý pat­ril rodu Capu­le­tov – vo dvo­re je Júli­in bal­kón“ (wikipedia.cs). Aré­na vo Vero­ne je tre­tí naj­väč­ší rím­sky amfi­te­áter v Talian­sku. Počas leta sa v ňom koná množ­stvo pred­sta­ve­ní (vero​na​.me). Mes­to Vero­na leží na seve­re Talianska.

V roku 550 pred n. l. Vero­nu doby­li Galo­via, kmeň Ceno­ma­nen (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). V roku 30 tu císař Augus­tus dal posta­viť amfi­te­áter (wikipedia.cs). V roku 452 mes­to vyplie­nil Atti­la. V roku 489 tu ger­mán­ske­ho Odo­ake­ra pora­zil ostro­gót­sky kráľ Teodo­rich Veľ­ký, kto­rý si tu zria­di rezi­den­ciu (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Posled­ným lom­bard­ským krá­ľom tu bol Adal­gi­sus, kto­rý do roku 774 odo­lá­val nájaz­dom Karo­la Veľ­ké­ho, kto­rý krá­ľov­stvo zni­čil. Neskôr tu síd­li­li fran­ko­via, kto­rí odtiaľ­to ovlá­da­li sever­né Talian­sko (wikipedia.cs). V roku 1117 pos­tih­lo mes­to veľ­ké zeme­tra­se­nie, po ňom bola Vero­na výraz­ne pre­sta­va­ná. V 15. a v 16. sto­ro­čí pôso­bi­la vo Vero­ne sláv­na maliar­ska ško­la (wikipedia.cs). Samos­tat­nosť Vero­na zís­ka­la začiat­kom 12. sto­ro­čia (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Od roku 1404 pat­ri­lo mes­to Benát­kám. V roku 1797 ju dobyl Napo­le­on I., kto­rý ju však pre­dal Rakús­ku. V roku 1866 bolo Benát­sko pri­po­je­né ku zjed­no­te­né­mu Talian­sku (wikipedia.cs).

Osob­nos­ti mes­ta: maliar a vedec Leonar­do Da Vin­ci, cyk­lis­ta Damia­no Cune­go, Romeo Mon­ta­gue a Juliet Capu­let – fik­tív­ny hrdi­no­via zo Sha­kes­pe­a­ro­vej drá­my Romeo a Júlia (wikipedia.en), Dan­te Alig­hie­ri (wikipedia.cs).


On an area of just under 207 km², app­ro­xi­ma­te­ly 265,000 inha­bi­tants live (wikipedia.en). The river Adi­ge flo­ws through the city (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). In Capel­lo Stre­et stands Casa di Giu­liet­ta, a medie­val bour­ge­ois hou­se that belo­n­ged to the Capu­let fami­ly – in the cour­ty­ard is Julie­t’s bal­co­ny” (wikipedia.cs). The Are­na in Vero­na is the third-​largest Roman amp­hit­he­a­ter in Ita­ly. During the sum­mer, it hosts nume­rous per­for­man­ces (vero​na​.me). The city of Vero­na is loca­ted in nort­hern Italy.

In the year 550 BC, Vero­na was conqu­e­red by the Gauls, the Ceno­ma­ni tri­be (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). In the year 30, Empe­ror Augus­tus had the amp­hit­he­a­ter built (wikipedia.cs). In 452, the city was plun­de­red by Atti­la. In 489, the Ostro­got­hic king The­odo­ric the Gre­at defe­a­ted the Ger­ma­nic Odo­acer here, estab­lis­hing his resi­den­ce (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). The last Lom­bard king here was Adal­gi­sus, who resis­ted the inva­si­on of Char­le­mag­ne until 774, when the king­dom was des­tro­y­ed. Later, the Franks sett­led here, con­trol­ling nort­hern Ita­ly from this point (wikipedia.cs). In 1117, a major eart­hqu­ake struck the city, after which Vero­na was sig­ni­fi­can­tly rebu­ilt. In the 15th and 16th cen­tu­ries, Vero­na was home to the famous scho­ol of pain­ting (wikipedia.cs). Vero­na gai­ned inde­pen­den­ce at the begin­ning of the 12th cen­tu­ry (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Sin­ce 1404, the city belo­n­ged to Veni­ce. In 1797, it was conqu­e­red by Napo­le­on I, who, howe­ver, sold it to Aus­tria. In 1866, Vene­to was anne­xed to uni­fied Ita­ly (wikipedia.cs).

Notab­le per­so­na­li­ties from the city inc­lu­de pain­ter and scien­tist Leonar­do Da Vin­ci, cyc­list Damia­no Cune­go, Romeo Mon­ta­gue, and Juliet Capu­let – fic­ti­onal hero­es from Sha­kes­pe­a­re­’s play Romeo and Juliet (wikipedia.en), Dan­te Alig­hie­ri (wikipedia.cs).


Su una super­fi­cie di poco meno di 207 km² vivo­no cir­ca 265.000 abi­tan­ti (wikipedia.en). Att­ra­ver­so la cit­tà scor­re il fiu­me Adi­ge (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Nel­la via Capel­lo si tro­va Casa di Giu­liet­ta, una casa borg­he­se medie­va­le che appar­te­ne­va alla famig­lia Capu­le­ti – nel cor­ti­le c’è il bal­co­ne di Giu­liet­ta” (wikipedia.cs). L’A­re­na di Vero­na è il ter­zo anfi­te­at­ro roma­no più gran­de d’I­ta­lia. Duran­te l’es­ta­te, ospi­ta nume­ro­se rapp­re­sen­ta­zi­oni (vero​na​.me). La cit­tà di Vero­na si tro­va nel nord dell’Italia.

Nel­l’an­no 550 a.C., Vero­na fu conqu­is­ta­ta dai Gal­li, dal­la tri­bù dei Ceno­ma­ni (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Nel 30 a.C., l’im­pe­ra­to­re Augus­to fece cos­tru­ire l’an­fi­te­at­ro (wikipedia.cs). Nel 452, la cit­tà fu sac­cheg­gia­ta da Atti­la. Nel 489, il re ostro­go­to Teodo­ri­co il Gran­de scon­fis­se il ger­ma­ni­co Odo­ac­re, sta­bi­len­do qui la sua resi­den­za (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). L’ul­ti­mo re lon­go­bar­do fu Adal­gi­sus, che resis­tet­te all’in­va­si­one di Car­lo Mag­no fino al 774, quan­do il regno fu dis­trut­to. Suc­ces­si­va­men­te, gli abi­tan­ti di Vero­na furo­no i Fran­chi, che con­trol­la­va­no da qui il nord Ita­lia (wikipedia.cs). Nel 1117, un ter­re­mo­to col­pì la cit­tà, dopo­di­ché Vero­na fu sig­ni­fi­ca­ti­va­men­te ricos­tru­ita. Nel XVXVI seco­lo, Vero­na fu sede del­la famo­sa scu­ola di pit­tu­ra (wikipedia.cs). Vero­na otten­ne l’in­di­pen­den­za all’i­ni­zio del XII seco­lo (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Dal 1404, la cit­tà appar­te­ne­va a Vene­zia. Nel 1797 fu conqu­is­ta­ta da Napo­le­one I, che tut­ta­via la ven­det­te all’Aus­tria. Nel 1866 il Vene­to fu annes­so all’I­ta­lia uni­ta (wikipedia.cs).

Tra le per­so­na­li­tà del­la cit­tà ci sono il pit­to­re e scien­zia­to Leonar­do Da Vin­ci, il cic­lis­ta Damia­no Cune­go, Romeo Mon­tec­chi e Giu­liet­ta Capu­le­ti – eroi imma­gi­na­ri del­la com­me­dia di Sha­kes­pe­a­re Romeo e Giu­liet­ta (wikipedia.en), Dan­te Alig­hie­ri (wikipedia.cs).


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2006, 2006-2010, 2009, Časová línia, Grécko, Krajina, Zahraničie

Grécko – staroveká krajina

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Gréc­ko leží na juhu Euró­py. Je to kra­ji­na z boha­tou his­tó­ri­ou. Rozp­res­tie­ra sa na roz­lo­he 131 957 km2, žije tu tak­mer 11 mili­ó­nov oby­va­te­ľov. Roč­ne Gréc­ko nav­ští­vi viac ako 11 mili­ó­nov turis­tov (wal​kers​.sk). Hlav­ným mes­tom sú Até­ny

Ku Gréc­ku pat­rí asi 2000 ostro­vov, pre­važ­ne v Egej­skom mori. Medzi zná­me a veľ­ké pat­rí Kré­ta a Rho­dos. Už od sta­ro­ve­ku sa Gréc­ko roz­de­ľu­je na Make­do­niu na seve­re, Trá­kiu na seve­ro­vý­cho­de, Epi­rus na stre­do­zá­pa­de, Tesá­liu na stre­do­vý­cho­de, Rumé­liu ja juhu, Pelo­po­né­zu, Kré­tu, Egej­ské a Ión­ske ostro­vy. Medzi veľ­ké mes­tá pat­rí napr. Solún, Pire­us, Lari­sa, Xant­hi, Argos, Irak­lio, Korint. Gréc­ke deji­ny sú veľ­mi boha­té, jed­ny z naj­dl­h­ších a naj­výz­nam­nej­ších. Pred prí­cho­dom Gré­kov žili na úze­mí Gréc­ka Pelas­go­viaMinoj­ci. V 43 tisíc­ro­čí pred n.l do Gréc­ka pre­nik­li prvé gréc­ke kme­ne – Acháj­ci, kto­rí vytvo­ri­li prvú – Mykén­sku kul­tú­ru. Neskôr ich nasle­do­va­li ďal­šie kme­ne – Dóri, Ióni, Aiolo­via, Epi­ró­ti, Mace­dón­ci. Gréc­ka kul­tú­ra polo­ži­la zákla­dy európ­skej kul­tú­ry. Do 17. sto­ro­čia pat­ri­la medzi naj­kul­túr­nej­šie európ­ske cen­trá aj Kré­ta, kde vlád­li Benát­ča­nia (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). 

Kul­tú­ra súčas­né­ho Gréc­ka vychá­dza pre­dov­šet­kým z byzant­ských a zo sta­ro­ve­kých tra­dí­cií. Gréc­ka kul­tú­ra ako celok má bliž­šie k orien­tál­nym kra­ji­nám, ako k Euró­pe. Gré­ci sa radi zabá­va­jú pri hud­be, tan­ci, jed­le aj víne. Ľudo­vá hud­ba a tra­dič­né tan­ce sú naj­po­pu­lár­nej­šie a naj­viac udr­žia­va­né zo všet­kých európ­skych kra­jín. Dokon­ca aj dnes vzni­ka­jú nové ľudo­vé pies­ne. Vše­obec­ne zná­ma je gréc­ka lite­ra­tú­ra. V 9. sto­ro­čí pred n.l žil Homér. Veľ­mi zná­mi sú Sofo­kles, Euri­pi­des, Aichi­los, Aris­to­fa­nes, Hero­do­tos, Pla­tón, Aris­to­te­les. Gréc­ka kuchy­ňa je typic­ká stre­do­mor­ská. Pou­ží­va sa veľ­ké množ­stvo oli­vo­vé­ho ole­ja. Gréc­ko pat­rí medzi najob­ľú­be­nej­šie turis­tic­ké des­ti­ná­cie, hoj­ne nav­šte­vo­va­né sú ostro­vy Kré­ta, Rho­dos, Les­bos, Kefa­ló­nia, Kor­fu, Thas­sos, Zakynt­hos, polo­strov Chla­ki­di­ki. Za pamiat­ka­mi sa cho­dí do tých­to miest: Até­ny, Téby, Del­fy, Myké­ny, Spar­ta, Knos­sos, Itha­ka (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).


Gre­e­ce is loca­ted in sout­hern Euro­pe. It is a coun­try with a rich his­to­ry, cove­ring an area of 131,957 km², and is home to near­ly 11 mil­li­on inha­bi­tants. More than 11 mil­li­on tou­rists visit Gre­e­ce annu­al­ly (wal​kers​.sk). The capi­tal city is Athens.

Gre­e­ce inc­lu­des about 2000 islands, pri­ma­ri­ly in the Aege­an Sea. Among the well-​known and lar­ge islands are Cre­te and Rho­des. Sin­ce ancient times, Gre­e­ce has been divi­ded into Mace­do­nia in the north, Thra­ce in the nort­he­ast, Epi­rus in the nort­hwest, Thes­sa­ly in the nort­he­ast, Rume­lia in the south, Pelo­pon­ne­se, Cre­te, the Aege­an, and Ionian Islands. Major cities inc­lu­de Thes­sa­lo­ni­ki, Pira­e­us, Laris­sa, Xant­hi, Argos, Herak­li­on, Corinth. Gre­ek his­to­ry is very rich, being one of the lon­gest and most sig­ni­fi­cant. Befo­re the arri­val of the Gre­eks, Pelas­gians and Mino­ans lived in the ter­ri­to­ry of Gre­e­ce. In the 4th3rd mil­len­nium BC, the first Gre­ek tri­bes – Acha­e­ans, who cre­a­ted the first Myce­na­e­an cul­tu­re, penet­ra­ted Gre­e­ce. They were fol­lo­wed by other tri­bes – Dorians, Ionians, Aeolians, Epi­ro­tes, Mace­do­nians. Gre­ek cul­tu­re laid the foun­da­ti­ons of Euro­pe­an cul­tu­re. Until the 17th cen­tu­ry, Cre­te, ruled by the Vene­tians, was one of the most cul­tu­red Euro­pe­an cen­ters (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Con­tem­po­ra­ry Gre­ek cul­tu­re is pri­ma­ri­ly influ­en­ced by Byzan­ti­ne and ancient tra­di­ti­ons. Gre­ek cul­tu­re as a who­le is clo­ser to orien­tal coun­tries than to Euro­pe. Gre­eks enjoy enter­tain­ment through music, dan­ce, food, and wine. Folk music and tra­di­ti­onal dan­ces are the most popu­lar and well-​preserved among all Euro­pe­an coun­tries. Even today, new folk songs are being cre­a­ted. Gre­ek lite­ra­tu­re is wide­ly kno­wn, with Homer living in the 9th cen­tu­ry BC. Other famous figu­res inc­lu­de Sop­hoc­les, Euri­pi­des, Aes­chy­lus, Aris­top­ha­nes, Hero­do­tus, Pla­to, Aris­tot­le. Gre­ek cuisi­ne is typi­cal­ly Medi­ter­ra­ne­an, with the abun­dant use of oli­ve oil. Gre­e­ce is among the most popu­lar tou­rist des­ti­na­ti­ons, with islands such as Cre­te, Rho­des, Les­bos, Kefa­lo­nia, Cor­fu, Thas­sos, Zakynt­hos, and the Chal­ki­di­ki Penin­su­la being hea­vi­ly visi­ted. Tou­rists also explo­re his­to­ri­cal sites in cities like Athens, The­bes, Delp­hi, Myce­nae, Spar­ta, Knos­sos, Itha­ca (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).


Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται στη νότια Ευρώπη. Είναι μια χώρα με πλούσια ιστορία, καλύπτοντας μια έκταση 131.957 τ.χλμ. και φιλοξενεί σχεδόν 11 εκατομμύρια κατοίκους. Περισσότεροι από 11 εκατομμύρια τουρίστες επισκέπτονται την Ελλάδα ετησίως (wal​kers​.sk). Η πρωτεύουσα είναι η Αθήνα.

Η Ελλάδα περιλαμβάνει περίπου 2000 νησιά, κυρίως στο Αιγαίο Πέλαγος. Μεταξύ των γνωστών και μεγάλων νησιών περιλαμβάνονται η Κρήτη και ο Ρόδος. Από την αρχαιότητα, η Ελλάδα χωρίζεται σε Μακεδονία στα βόρεια, Θράκη στα βορειοανατολικά, Ήπειρο στα κεντροδυτικά, Θεσσαλία στα κεντροανατολικά, Ρουμελία στα νότια, Πελοπόννησο, Κρήτη, Αιγαίο και Ιόνιο Νησιά. Σημαντικές πόλεις περιλαμβάνουν τη Θεσσαλονίκη, τον Πειραιά, τη Λάρισα, την Ξάνθη, το Άργος, το Ηράκλειο, την Κόρινθο. Η ελληνική ιστορία είναι πολύ πλούσια, αποτελώντας μία από τις πιο μακρόχρονες και σημαντικές. Πριν από την άφιξη των Ελλήνων, ζούσαν στην περιοχή της Ελλάδας οι Πελασγοί και οι Μινωίτες. Στον 4ο – 3ο χιλιετία π.Χ., οι πρώτοι ελληνικοί φυλετικοί οικισμοί, οι Αχαιοί, εισήλθαν στην Ελλάδα, δημιουργώντας τον πρώτο πολιτισμό, την Μυκηναϊκή. Ακολούθησαν άλλες φυλές – Δωριείς, Ίωνες, Αιολείς, Ηπειρώτες, Μακεδόνες. Η ελληνική πολιτιστική κληρονομιά τέθηκε τα θεμέλια του ευρωπαϊκού πολιτισμού. Μέχρι τον 17ο αιώνα, η Κρήτη, κυριαρχούμενη από τους Βενετσιάνους, ήταν ένα από τα πιο καλλιεργημένα ευρωπαϊκά κέντρα (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Η σύγχρονη ελληνική κουλτούρα επηρεάζεται κυρίως από βυζαντινές και αρχαίες παραδόσεις. Η ελληνική κουλτούρα συνολικά βρίσκεται πιο κοντά σε ανατολικές χώρες παρά στην Ευρώπη. Οι Έλληνες απολαμβάνουν τη διασκέδαση μέσω μουσικής, χορού, φαγητού και κρασιού. Η λαϊκή μουσική και τα παραδοσιακά χορευτικά είναι τα πιο δημοφιλή και καλά διατηρημένα ανάμεσα σε όλες τις ευρωπαϊκές χώρες. Ακόμα και σήμερα δημιουργούνται νέα λαϊκά τραγούδια. Η ελληνική λογοτεχνία είναι ευρέως γνωστή, με τον Όμηρο να ζει στον 9ο αιώνα π.Χ. Άλλα διάσημα πρόσωπα περιλαμβάνουν τους Σοφοκλή, Ευριπίδη, Αισχύλο, Αριστοφάνη, Ηρόδοτο, Πλάτων, Αριστοτέλη. Η ελληνική κουζίνα είναι τυπικά μεσογειακή, με την έντονη χρήση ελαιολάδου. Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στα πιο δημοφιλή τουριστικά προορισμούς, με τα νησιά όπως η Κρήτη, η Ρόδος, η Λέσβος, η Κεφαλονιά, η Κέρκυρα, η Θάσος, το Ζάκυνθο, και ο χερσαίος τόπος Χαλκιδική να είναι πολύ επισκεφθημένα. Οι τουρίστες εξερευνούν επίσης ιστορικούς χώρους σε πόλεις όπως Αθήνα, Θήβες, Δελφοί, Μυκήνες, Σπάρτη, Κνωσός, Ιθάκη (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).


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2006-2010, 2010, Časová línia, Chorvátsko, Krajina, TOP, Zahraničie

Chorvátsko – dovolenkový raj mnohých Slovákov

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Chor­vát­sko (Hrvat­ska) je pre Slo­vá­kov asi naj­po­pu­lár­nej­šia dovo­len­ko­vá kra­ji­na. Obmý­va ju Jad­ran­ské more. Leží na Bal­kán­skom polo­stro­ve, na dru­hom bre­hu mora sa nachá­dza Talian­sko.

Roz­lo­ha Chor­vát­ska je 56 542 km2, na kto­rých žilo v roku 2005 tak­mer 4.5 mili­ó­na oby­va­te­ľov. V sta­ro­ve­ku bolo úze­mie Chor­vát­ska osíd­le­né ilýr­sky­mikelt­ský­mi kmeň­mi. V 1. až 5 sto­ro­čí bolo súčas­ťou Rím­skej ríše, do 9. sto­ro­čia Byzant­skej ríše. V 6. – 7 sto­ro­čí osíd­ľo­va­li úze­mie Slo­va­nia a Ava­ri. Kon­com 9. sto­ro­čia vznik­lo Chor­vát­ske knie­žat­stvo (krá­ľov­stvo), čas­ti Sla­vón­ska sú však súčas­ťou Uhor­ska (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). V roku 925 zjed­no­til Chor­vát­sky štát kráľ Tomi­slav (cro​atia​emb​.net)Od začiat­ku 12. sto­ro­čia až do roku 1918 bolo úze­mie súčas­ťou Uhor­ska, mimo Dal­má­cie. Dal­má­cia bola od 14 sto­ro­čia do roku 1797 pod kon­tro­lou Bená­tok, neskôr Rakús­ka. Od 15. sto­ro­čia pre­bie­ha­li ata­ky Osman­skej ríše, až do roku 1700. Od polo­vi­ce 19. sto­ro­čia sa zača­lo for­mo­vať chor­vát­ske národ­né hnu­tie. Po rakúsko-​maďarskom vyrov­na­ní pat­rí Chor­vát­sko v rám­ci Zali­tav­ska do Rakúsko-​Uhorska s čias­toč­nou auto­nó­mi­ou s na čele sto­ja­cim bánom. Po 1. sve­to­vej voj­ne sa Chor­vát­sko spo­lu s Dal­má­ci­ou sta­lo súčas­ťou Krá­ľov­stva Srbov, Chor­vá­tov a Slo­vin­cov, kto­ré sa v roku 1929 pre­me­no­va­lo na Juho­slá­viu. Vyhlá­se­nie samos­tat­nos­ti 25.6.1991 vyvo­la­lo občian­sku voj­nu, kto­rá trva­la až do roku 1995 (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Chor­vát­sko vznik­lo na pozos­tat­koch Rím­skej ríše. Dnes má Chor­vát­sko cca 1185 ostro­vov a polo­os­tro­vov (cro​atia​emb​.net). Osíd­le­ných je iba 66 z nich. Rozp­res­tie­ra sa na plo­che 56 540 km2, na kto­rých žije tak­mer 5 mili­ó­nov oby­va­te­ľov. Chor­vát­sko vyhlá­si­lo svo­ju nezá­vis­losť v roku 1991. Nie­kto­ré dovo­len­ko­vé stre­dis­ká: Novig­rad, Poreč, Rovinj, Krk (web​no​de​.sk), Pula, Rabac, Crik­ve­ni­ca, Zadar, Baš­ka Voda, Gra­dac, Makar­ska, Dub­rov­nik, Kor­ču­la, Brač, Hvar, Tuče­pi (des​ti​na​cie​.sk). V Novig­ra­de sa nachá­dza­jú hrad­by z čias Benát­skej repub­li­ky. V Zada­re napr. Rím­ske námes­tie z 1. sto­ro­čia. V Pule rím­sky amfi­te­áter Kolo­se­um z 1. sto­ro­čia, Augus­tov chrám, Her­ku­lo­va brá­na. Chor­vát­sko oplý­va aj prí­rod­ný­mi des­ti­ná­cia­mi, veľ­mi zná­me sú Plit­vic­ké jaze­rá (des​ti​na​cie​.sk).


Cro­atia (Hrvat­ska) is pro­bab­ly the most popu­lar holi­day des­ti­na­ti­on for Slo­vaks. It is was­hed by the Adria­tic Sea and is loca­ted on the Bal­kan Penin­su­la, with Ita­ly on the oppo­si­te shore.

The area of Cro­atia is 56,542 km², and in 2005, it was home to near­ly 4.5 mil­li­on inha­bi­tants. In ancient times, the ter­ri­to­ry of Cro­atia was sett­led by Illy­rian and Cel­tic tri­bes. From the 1st to the 5th cen­tu­ry, it was part of the Roman Empi­re and later part of the Byzan­ti­ne Empi­re until the 9th cen­tu­ry. In the 6th7th cen­tu­ry, the area was inha­bi­ted by Slavs and Avars. By the end of the 9th cen­tu­ry, the Prin­ci­pa­li­ty (King­dom) of Cro­atia was for­med, with parts of Sla­vo­nia being part of Hun­ga­ry (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). In 925, King Tomi­slav uni­fied the Cro­atian sta­te (cro​atia​emb​.net). From the ear­ly 12th cen­tu­ry until 1918, the ter­ri­to­ry was part of Hun­ga­ry, exc­lu­ding Dal­ma­tia. Dal­ma­tia was under the con­trol of Veni­ce from the 14th cen­tu­ry to 1797 and later Aus­tria. From the 15th cen­tu­ry, the­re were Otto­man Empi­re attacks until 1700. In the mid-​19th cen­tu­ry, the Cro­atian nati­onal move­ment began to form. After the Austro-​Hungarian Com­pro­mi­se, Cro­atia beca­me part of Austria-​Hungary wit­hin the fra­me­work of Cis­le­it­ha­nia, with par­tial auto­no­my under a ban. After World War I, Cro­atia, along with Dal­ma­tia, beca­me part of the King­dom of Serbs, Cro­ats, and Slo­ve­nes, which was rena­med Yugo­sla­via in 1929. The dec­la­ra­ti­on of inde­pen­den­ce on June 25, 1991, led to the Cro­atian War of Inde­pen­den­ce, which las­ted until 1995 (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Cro­atia emer­ged on the rem­nants of the Roman Empi­re. Today, Cro­atia has about 1185 islands and penin­su­las (cro​atia​emb​.net), but only 66 of them are inha­bi­ted. It stret­ches over an area of 56,540 km², with almost 5 mil­li­on inha­bi­tants. Cro­atia dec­la­red its inde­pen­den­ce in 1991. Some holi­day resorts inc­lu­de Novig­rad, Poreč, Rovinj, Krk (web​no​de​.sk), Pula, Rabac, Crik­ve­ni­ca, Zadar, Baš­ka Voda, Gra­dac, Makar­ska, Dub­rov­nik, Kor­ču­la, Brač, Hvar, Tuče­pi (des​ti​na​cie​.sk). In Novig­rad, the­re are walls from the time of the Vene­tian Repub­lic. In Zadar, for exam­ple, the­re is the Roman Forum from the 1st cen­tu­ry. In Pula, the Roman amp­hit­he­a­ter Colos­se­um from the 1st cen­tu­ry, Augus­tus’ Tem­ple, and Her­cu­les’ Gate. Cro­atia is also rich in natu­ral des­ti­na­ti­ons, with the Plit­vi­ce Lakes being very famous (des​ti​na​cie​.sk).


Hrvat­ska je vje­ro­jat­no naj­po­pu­lar­ni­ja des­ti­na­ci­ja za Slo­va­ke. Opla­ku­je je Jad­ran­sko more, a nala­zi se na Bal­kan­skom polu­oto­ku, s Ita­li­jom s dru­ge stra­ne mora.

Povr­ši­na Hrvat­ske izno­si 56.542 km², a 2005. godi­ne na njoj je živ­je­lo goto­vo 4,5 mili­ju­na sta­nov­ni­ka. U antič­ko doba, teri­to­rij Hrvat­ske nasel­ja­va­li su Ili­ri i Kelt­ski ple­me­ni. Od 1. do 5. stol­je­ća bila je dio Rim­skog Car­stva, a kas­ni­je Bizant­skog Car­stva do 9. stol­je­ća. U 6. i 7. stol­je­ću pod­ruč­je su nasel­ja­va­li Sla­ve­ni i Ava­ri. Kra­jem 9. stol­je­ća nasta­lo je Kne­že­vi­na (Kral­je­vi­na) Hrvat­ska, pri čemu su dije­lo­vi Sla­vo­ni­je bili dio Ugar­ske (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Godi­ne 925. kralj Tomi­slav uje­di­nio je Hrvat­sku (cro​atia​emb​.net). Od počet­ka 12. stol­je­ća do 1918. godi­ne teri­to­rij je bio dio Ugar­ske, izu­zev Dal­ma­ci­je. Dal­ma­ci­ja je bila pod kon­tro­lom Mle­tač­ke Repub­li­ke od 14. do 18. stol­je­ća, a zatim Aus­tri­je. Od 15. stol­je­ća bila su pri­sut­na osman­ska osva­jan­ja sve do 1700. godi­ne. Sre­di­nom 19. stol­je­ća poče­lo se for­mi­ra­ti hrvat­sko naci­onal­no pokre­tan­je. Nakon austro-​ugarskog dogo­vo­ra, Hrvat­ska je posta­la dio Austro-​Ugarske unu­tar okvi­ra Cis­laj­ta­ni­je, s dje­lo­mič­nom auto­no­mi­jom pod banom. Nakon Prvog svjet­skog rata, Hrvat­ska je zajed­no s Dal­ma­ci­jom posta­la dio Kral­je­vi­ne Srba, Hrva­ta i Slo­ve­na­ca, koja se 1929. godi­ne pre­ime­no­va­la u Jugo­sla­vi­ju. Prog­la­šen­je neovis­nos­ti 25. lipn­ja 1991. godi­ne izaz­va­lo je Domo­vin­ski rat, koji je tra­jao do 1995. godi­ne (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Hrvat­ska se for­mi­ra­la na osta­ci­ma Rim­skog Car­stva. Danas Hrvat­ska ima otp­ri­li­ke 1185 oto­ka i polu­oto­ka (cro​atia​emb​.net), ali samo 66 ih je nasel­je­no. Pro­te­že se na pod­ruč­ju od 56.540 km², na kojem živi goto­vo 5 mili­ju­na sta­nov­ni­ka. Hrvat­ska je prog­la­si­la neovis­nost 1991. godi­ne. Neki od odma­ra­liš­ta ukl­ju­ču­ju Novig­rad, Poreč, Rovinj, Krk (web​no​de​.sk), Pula, Rabac, Crik­ve­ni­ca, Zadar, Baš­ka Voda, Gra­dac, Makar­ska, Dub­rov­nik, Kor­ču­la, Brač, Hvar, Tuče­pi (des​ti​na​cie​.sk). U Novig­ra­du posto­je zidi­ne iz vre­me­na Mle­tač­ke Repub­li­ke. U Zadru, pri­mje­ri­ce, nala­zi se Rim­ski forum iz 1. stol­je­ća. U Puli rim­ski amfi­te­a­tar Kolo­se­um iz 1. stol­je­ća, Augus­tov hram i Her­ku­lo­va vra­ta. Hrvat­ska tako­đer obi­lu­je pri­rod­nim des­ti­na­ci­ja­ma, a vrlo su pozna­ta Plit­vič­ka jeze­ra (des​ti​na​cie​.sk).


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2006-2010, 2010, Časová línia, Chorvátske, Chorvátsko, Európske, Krajina, Mestá, Mestá, Typ krajiny, Zahraničie

Stari Grad – mesto zo Zoznamu Unesco

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His­to­ric­ký názov mes­ta je Pha­ros (Faros). Bol kolo­ni­zo­va­ný Grék­mi (cro​atia​.hr). Je to zau­jí­ma­vé a pek­né mes­teč­ko. Sta­rig­rad­ské pole, kto­ré sa nachá­dza pri mes­te, je na Zozna­me UNESCO. Tamoj­šie výsad­by vinoh­ra­dov a olív zosta­li prak­tic­ky nezme­ne­né” od prvej kolo­ni­zá­cie sta­rých Gré­kov (cro​atia​.hr). Pre Sta­ri Grad sú typic­ké úzke ulič­ky a samoz­rej­me prí­stav, na mno­hých mies­tach doslo­va dýcha his­tó­ria.

Je obľú­be­ným leto­vis­kom, na seve­ro­zá­pa­de Hva­ru. V mes­te žije cca 1900 oby­va­te­ľov. Je pre­slá­ve­ný pes­to­va­ním levan­du­le. Hlav­ným odvet­vím je ces­tov­ný ruch a pop­ri to vinár­stvo. Vini­ce sa tiah­nu až k Jel­seVrbos­ke. Mimo­riad­nou his­to­ric­kou pamiat­kou je, že sa tu zacho­val tzv. gréc­ky ager – roz­par­ce­lo­va­nie poľ­no­hos­po­dár­skej pôdy pri­sťa­ho­val­com po kolo­ni­zá­cii ostro­va Grék­mi spred 2500 rokov (chor​vat​sko​.cz).


The his­to­ri­cal name of the town is Pha­ros (Faros). It was colo­ni­zed by the Gre­eks (cro​atia​.hr). It is an inte­res­ting and beau­ti­ful litt­le town. The Sta­ri Grad Plain, loca­ted near the town, is on the UNESCO List. The local vine­y­ard and oli­ve gro­ve plan­ta­ti­ons have remai­ned prac­ti­cal­ly unchan­ged” sin­ce the first colo­ni­za­ti­on by the ancient Gre­eks (cro​atia​.hr). Sta­ri Grad is cha­rac­te­ri­zed by nar­row stre­ets, and of cour­se, the har­bor, whe­re his­to­ry lite­ral­ly bre­at­hes in many places.

It is a popu­lar resort on the nort­hwest of Hvar. The town has about 1900 inha­bi­tants. It is reno­wned for laven­der cul­ti­va­ti­on. The main indus­tries are tou­rism and, along­si­de that, wine­ma­king. Vine­y­ards stretch all the way to Jel­sa and Vrbos­ka. An excep­ti­onal his­to­ri­cal land­mark is the pre­ser­va­ti­on of the so-​called Gre­ek ager – the divi­si­on of agri­cul­tu­ral land by immig­rants after the Gre­ek colo­ni­za­ti­on of the island 2500 years ago (chor​vat​sko​.cz).


Povi­jes­no ime gra­da je Pha­ros (Faros). Bio je kolo­ni­zi­ran od stra­ne Grka (cro​atia​.hr). To je zaniml­jiv i lijep gra­dić. Sta­rig­rad­sko pol­je, koje se nala­zi bli­zu gra­da, nala­zi se na UNESCO-​ovu popi­su. Tamošn­ji vinog­ra­dar­ski i mas­li­nič­ki nasa­di osta­li su prak­tič­ki nepro­mi­jen­je­ni” od prvog nasel­ja­van­ja sta­rih Grka (cro​atia​.hr). Za Sta­ri Grad su karak­te­ris­tič­ne uske uli­ce i narav­no, luka, gdje povi­jest doslov­no diše na mno­gim mjestima.

To je popu­lar­no lje­to­va­liš­te na sje­ve­ro­za­pa­du Hva­ra. U gra­du živi oko 1900 sta­nov­ni­ka. Poznat je po uzgo­ju lavan­de. Glav­ne dje­lat­nos­ti su turi­zam i, uz to, vinog­ra­dar­stvo. Vinog­ra­di se pro­te­žu sve do Jel­se i Vrbos­ke. Izu­ze­tan povi­jes­ni spo­me­nik je saču­va­ni takoz­va­ni grč­ki ager – pod­je­la pol­jop­riv­red­nog zeml­jiš­ta dosel­je­ni­ci­ma nakon grč­ke kolo­ni­za­ci­je oto­ka pri­je 2500 godi­na (chor​vat​sko​.cz).


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