Krajina, Zahraničie, Fotografie, Grécko

Grécko – staroveká krajina

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Grécko leží na juhu Európy. Je to z bohatou históriou. Rozprestiera sa na rozlohe 131 957 km2, žije tu takmer 11 miliónov obyvateľov. Ročne Grécko navštívi viac ako 11 miliónov turistov (walkers.sk). Hlavným mestom sú Atény. 

Ku Grécku patrí asi 2000 ostrovov, prevažne v Egejskom mori. Medzi známe a veľké patrí Kréta a Rhodos. Už od staroveku sa Grécko rozdeľuje na Makedoniu na severe, Trákiu na severovýchode, Epirus na stredozápade, Tesáliu na stredovýchode, Ruméliu ja juhu, Peloponézu, Krétu, Egejské a Iónske ostrovy. Medzi veľké patrí napr. Solún, Pireus, Larisa, Xanthi, Argos, Iraklio, Korint. Grécke dejiny sú veľmi bohaté, jedny z najdlhších a najvýznamnejších. Pred príchodom Grékov žili na území Grécka Pelasgovia a Minojci. V 4 – 3 tisícročí pred n.l do Grécka prenikli prvé grécke kmene – Achájci, ktorí vytvorili prvú – Mykénsku kultúru. Neskôr ich nasledovali ďalšie kmene – Dóri, Ióni, Aiolovia, Epiróti, Macedónci. Grécka položila základy európskej kultúry. Do 17. storočia patrila medzi najkultúrnejšie európske centrá aj Kréta, kde vládli Benátčania (wikipedia.sk). 

Kultúra súčasného Grécka vychádza predovšetkým z byzantských a zo starovekých tradícií. Grécka kultúra ako celok má bližšie k orientálnym krajinám, ako k Európe. Gréci sa radi zabávajú pri hudbe, tanci, jedle aj víne. Ľudová a tradičné tance sú najpopulárnejšie a najviac udržiavané zo všetkých európskych krajín. Dokonca aj dnes vznikajú nové ľudové piesne. Všeobecne známa je grécka . V 9. storočí pred n.l žil Homér. Veľmi známi sú Sofokles, Euripides, Aichilos, Aristofanes, Herodotos, Platón, Aristoteles. Grécka kuchyňa je typická stredomorská. Používa sa veľké množstvo olivového oleja. Grécko patrí medzi najobľúbenejšie turistické destinácie, hojne navštevované sú ostrovy Kréta, Rhodos, Lesbos, Kefalónia, Korfu, Thassos, Zakynthos, polostrov Chlakidiki. Za pamiatkami sa chodí do týchto miest: Atény, Téby, Delfy, Mykény, Sparta, Knossos, Ithaka (wikipedia.sk).

Greece is located in southern Europe. It is a country with a rich history, covering an area of 131,957 km2, and is home to nearly 11 million inhabitants. More than 11 million tourists visit Greece annually (walkers.sk). The capital city is Athens.

Greece includes about 2000 islands, primarily in the Aegean Sea. Among the well-known and large islands are Crete and Rhodes. Since ancient times, Greece has been divided into Macedonia in the north, Thrace in the northeast, Epirus in the northwest, Thessaly in the northeast, Rumelia in the south, Peloponnese, Crete, the Aegean, and Ionian Islands. Major cities include Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Larissa, Xanthi, Argos, Heraklion, Corinth. Greek history is very rich, being one of the longest and most significant. Before the arrival of the Greeks, Pelasgians and Minoans lived in the territory of Greece. In the 4th – 3rd millennium BC, the first Greek tribes – Achaeans, who created the first Mycenaean culture, penetrated Greece. They were followed by other tribes – Dorians, Ionians, Aeolians, Epirotes, Macedonians. Greek culture laid the foundations of European culture. Until the 17th century, Crete, ruled by the Venetians, was one of the most cultured European centers (wikipedia.sk).

Contemporary Greek culture is primarily influenced by Byzantine and ancient traditions. Greek culture as a whole is closer to oriental countries than to Europe. Greeks enjoy entertainment through music, dance, food, and wine. Folk music and traditional dances are the most popular and well-preserved among all European countries. Even today, new folk songs are being created. Greek literature is widely known, with Homer living in the 9th century BC. Other famous figures include Sophocles, Euripides, Aeschylus, Aristophanes, Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle. Greek cuisine is typically Mediterranean, with the abundant use of olive oil. Greece is among the most popular tourist destinations, with islands such as Crete, Rhodes, Lesbos, Kefalonia, Corfu, Thassos, Zakynthos, and the Chalkidiki Peninsula being heavily visited. Tourists also explore historical sites in cities like Athens, Thebes, Delphi, Mycenae, Sparta, Knossos, Ithaca (wikipedia.sk).

Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται στη νότια Ευρώπη. Είναι μια χώρα με πλούσια ιστορία, καλύπτοντας μια έκταση 131.957 τ.χλμ. και φιλοξενεί σχεδόν 11 εκατομμύρια κατοίκους. Περισσότεροι από 11 εκατομμύρια τουρίστες επισκέπτονται την Ελλάδα ετησίως (walkers.sk). Η πρωτεύουσα είναι η Αθήνα.

Η Ελλάδα περιλαμβάνει περίπου 2000 νησιά, κυρίως στο Αιγαίο Πέλαγος. Μεταξύ των γνωστών και μεγάλων νησιών περιλαμβάνονται η Κρήτη και ο Ρόδος. Από την αρχαιότητα, η Ελλάδα χωρίζεται σε Μακεδονία στα βόρεια, Θράκη στα βορειοανατολικά, Ήπειρο στα κεντροδυτικά, Θεσσαλία στα κεντροανατολικά, Ρουμελία στα νότια, Πελοπόννησο, Κρήτη, Αιγαίο και Ιόνιο Νησιά. Σημαντικές πόλεις περιλαμβάνουν τη Θεσσαλονίκη, τον Πειραιά, τη Λάρισα, την Ξάνθη, το Άργος, το Ηράκλειο, την Κόρινθο. Η ελληνική ιστορία είναι πολύ πλούσια, αποτελώντας μία από τις πιο μακρόχρονες και σημαντικές. Πριν από την άφιξη των Ελλήνων, ζούσαν στην περιοχή της Ελλάδας οι Πελασγοί και οι Μινωίτες. Στον 4ο – 3ο χιλιετία π.Χ., οι πρώτοι ελληνικοί φυλετικοί οικισμοί, οι Αχαιοί, εισήλθαν στην Ελλάδα, δημιουργώντας τον πρώτο πολιτισμό, την Μυκηναϊκή. Ακολούθησαν άλλες φυλές – Δωριείς, Ίωνες, Αιολείς, Ηπειρώτες, Μακεδόνες. Η ελληνική πολιτιστική κληρονομιά τέθηκε τα θεμέλια του ευρωπαϊκού πολιτισμού. Μέχρι τον 17ο αιώνα, η Κρήτη, κυριαρχούμενη από τους Βενετσιάνους, ήταν ένα από τα πιο καλλιεργημένα ευρωπαϊκά κέντρα (wikipedia.sk).

Η σύγχρονη ελληνική κουλτούρα επηρεάζεται κυρίως από βυζαντινές και αρχαίες παραδόσεις. Η ελληνική κουλτούρα συνολικά βρίσκεται πιο κοντά σε ανατολικές χώρες παρά στην Ευρώπη. Οι Έλληνες απολαμβάνουν τη διασκέδαση μέσω μουσικής, χορού, φαγητού και κρασιού. Η λαϊκή μουσική και τα παραδοσιακά χορευτικά είναι τα πιο δημοφιλή και καλά διατηρημένα ανάμεσα σε όλες τις ευρωπαϊκές χώρες. Ακόμα και σήμερα δημιουργούνται νέα λαϊκά τραγούδια. Η ελληνική λογοτεχνία είναι ευρέως γνωστή, με τον Όμηρο να ζει στον 9ο αιώνα π.Χ. Άλλα διάσημα πρόσωπα περιλαμβάνουν τους Σοφοκλή, Ευριπίδη, Αισχύλο, Αριστοφάνη, Ηρόδοτο, Πλάτων, Αριστοτέλη. Η ελληνική κουζίνα είναι τυπικά μεσογειακή, με την έντονη χρήση ελαιολάδου. Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στα πιο δημοφιλή τουριστικά προορισμούς, με τα νησιά όπως η Κρήτη, η Ρόδος, η Λέσβος, η Κεφαλονιά, η Κέρκυρα, η Θάσος, το Ζάκυνθο, και ο χερσαίος τόπος Χαλκιδική να είναι πολύ επισκεφθημένα. Οι τουρίστες εξερευνούν επίσης ιστορικούς χώρους σε πόλεις όπως Αθήνα, Θήβες, Δελφοί, Μυκήνες, Σπάρτη, Κνωσός, Ιθάκη (wikipedia.sk).

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Krajina, Zahraničie, Chorvátsko, TOP, Fotografie

Chorvátsko – dovolenkový raj mnohých Slovákov

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(Hrvatska) je pre Slovákov asi najpopulárnejšia dovolenková . Obmýva ju Jadranské more. Leží na Balkánskom polostrove, na druhom brehu mora sa nachádza Taliansko.

Rozloha Chorvátska je 56 542 km2, na ktorých žilo v roku 2005 takmer 4.5 milióna obyvateľov. V staroveku bolo územie Chorvátska osídlené ilýrskymi a keltskými kmeňmi. V 1. až 5 storočí bolo súčasťou Rímskej ríše, do 9. storočia Byzantskej ríše. V 6. – 7 storočí osídľovali územie a Avari. Koncom 9. storočia vzniklo Chorvátske kniežatstvo (kráľovstvo), časti Slavónska sú však súčasťou Uhorska (wikipedia.sk). V roku 925 zjednotil Chorvátsky štát kráľ Tomislav (croatiaemb.net). Od začiatku 12. storočia až do roku 1918 bolo územie súčasťou Uhorska, mimo Dalmácie. Dalmácia bola od 14 storočia do roku 1797 pod kontrolou Benátok, neskôr Rakúska. Od 15. storočia prebiehali ataky Osmanskej ríše, až do roku 1700. Od polovice 19. storočia sa začalo formovať chorvátske národné hnutie. Po -maďarskom vyrovnaní patrí Chorvátsko v rámci Zalitavska do Rakúsko-Uhorska s čiastočnou autonómiou s na čele stojacim bánom. Po 1. svetovej vojne sa Chorvátsko spolu s Dalmáciou stalo súčasťou Kráľovstva Srbov, Chorvátov a Slovincov, ktoré sa v roku 1929 premenovalo na Juhosláviu. Vyhlásenie samostatnosti 25.6.1991 vyvolalo občiansku vojnu, ktorá trvala až do roku 1995 (wikipedia.sk).

Chorvátsko vzniklo na pozostatkoch Rímskej ríše. Dnes má Chorvátsko cca 1185 ostrovov a poloostrovov (croatiaemb.net). Osídlených je iba 66 z nich. Rozprestiera sa na ploche 56 540 km2, na ktorých žije takmer 5 miliónov obyvateľov. Chorvátsko vyhlásilo svoju nezávislosť v roku 1991. Niektoré dovolenkové strediská: Novigrad, Poreč, Rovinj, Krk (webnode.sk), Pula, Rabac, Crikvenica, Zadar, Baška , Gradac, Makarska, Dubrovnik, Korčula, Brač, Hvar, Tučepi (destinacie.sk). V Novigrade sa nachádzajú z čias Benátskej republiky. V Zadare napr. Rímske námestie z 1. storočia. V Pule rímsky amfiteáter Koloseum z 1. storočia, Augustov chrám, Herkulova brána. Chorvátsko oplýva aj prírodnými destináciami, veľmi známe sú Plitvické (destinacie.sk).

Croatia (Hrvatska) is probably the most popular holiday destination for Slovaks. It is washed by the Adriatic Sea and is located on the Balkan Peninsula, with Italy on the opposite shore.

The area of Croatia is 56,542 km2, and in 2005, it was home to nearly 4.5 million inhabitants. In ancient times, the territory of Croatia was settled by Illyrian and Celtic tribes. From the 1st to the 5th century, it was part of the Roman Empire and later part of the Byzantine Empire until the 9th century. In the 6th – 7th century, the area was inhabited by Slavs and Avars. By the end of the 9th century, the Principality (Kingdom) of Croatia was formed, with parts of Slavonia being part of Hungary (wikipedia.sk). In 925, King Tomislav unified the Croatian state (croatiaemb.net). From the early 12th century until 1918, the territory was part of Hungary, excluding Dalmatia. Dalmatia was under the control of Venice from the 14th century to 1797 and later Austria. From the 15th century, there were Ottoman Empire attacks until 1700. In the mid-19th century, the Croatian national movement began to form. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Croatia became part of Austria-Hungary within the framework of Cisleithania, with partial autonomy under a ban. After World War I, Croatia, along with Dalmatia, became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. The declaration of independence on June 25, 1991, led to the Croatian War of Independence, which lasted until 1995 (wikipedia.sk).

Croatia emerged on the remnants of the Roman Empire. Today, Croatia has about 1185 islands and peninsulas (croatiaemb.net), but only 66 of them are inhabited. It stretches over an area of 56,540 km2, with almost 5 million inhabitants. Croatia declared its independence in 1991. Some holiday resorts include Novigrad, Poreč, Rovinj, Krk (webnode.sk), Pula, Rabac, Crikvenica, Zadar, Baška Voda, Gradac, Makarska, Dubrovnik, Korčula, Brač, , Tučepi (destinacie.sk). In Novigrad, there are walls from the time of the Venetian Republic. In Zadar, for example, there is the Roman Forum from the 1st century. In Pula, the Roman amphitheater Colosseum from the 1st century, Augustus‘ Temple, and Hercules‘ Gate. Croatia is also rich in natural destinations, with the Plitvice Lakes being very famous (destinacie.sk).

Hrvatska je vjerojatno najpopularnija destinacija za Slovake. Oplakuje je Jadransko more, a nalazi se na Balkanskom poluotoku, s Italijom s druge strane mora.

Površina Hrvatske iznosi 56.542 km2, a 2005. godine na njoj je živjelo gotovo 4,5 milijuna stanovnika. U antičko doba, teritorij Hrvatske naseljavali su Iliri i Keltski plemeni. Od 1. do 5. stoljeća bila je dio Rimskog Carstva, a kasnije Bizantskog Carstva do 9. stoljeća. U 6. i 7. stoljeću područje su naseljavali Slaveni i Avari. Krajem 9. stoljeća nastalo je Kneževina (Kraljevina) Hrvatska, pri čemu su dijelovi Slavonije bili dio Ugarske (wikipedia.sk). Godine 925. kralj Tomislav ujedinio je Hrvatsku (croatiaemb.net). Od početka 12. stoljeća do 1918. godine teritorij je bio dio Ugarske, izuzev Dalmacije. Dalmacija je bila pod kontrolom Mletačke Republike od 14. do 18. stoljeća, a zatim Austrije. Od 15. stoljeća bila su prisutna osmanska osvajanja sve do 1700. godine. Sredinom 19. stoljeća počelo se formirati hrvatsko nacionalno pokretanje. Nakon austro-ugarskog dogovora, Hrvatska je postala dio Austro-Ugarske unutar okvira Cislajtanije, s djelomičnom autonomijom pod banom. Nakon Prvog svjetskog rata, Hrvatska je zajedno s Dalmacijom postala dio Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, koja se 1929. godine preimenovala u Jugoslaviju. Proglašenje neovisnosti 25. lipnja 1991. godine izazvalo je Domovinski rat, koji je trajao do 1995. godine (wikipedia.sk).

Hrvatska se formirala na ostacima Rimskog Carstva. Danas Hrvatska ima otprilike 1185 otoka i poluotoka (croatiaemb.net), ali samo 66 ih je naseljeno. Proteže se na području od 56.540 km2, na kojem živi gotovo 5 milijuna stanovnika. Hrvatska je proglasila neovisnost 1991. godine. Neki od odmarališta uključuju Novigrad, Poreč, Rovinj, Krk (webnode.sk), Pula, Rabac, Crikvenica, Zadar, Baška Voda, Gradac, Makarska, Dubrovnik, Korčula, Brač, Hvar, Tučepi (destinacie.sk). U Novigradu postoje zidine iz vremena Mletačke Republike. U Zadru, primjerice, nalazi se Rimski forum iz 1. stoljeća. U Puli rimski amfiteatar Koloseum iz 1. stoljeća, Augustov hram i Herkulova vrata. Hrvatska također obiluje prirodnim destinacijama, a vrlo su poznata Plitvička jezera (destinacie.sk).

Krajina, Zahraničie, Typ krajiny, Mestá, Zahraničné mestá, Chorvátsko, Mestá, Fotografie, Chorvátske mestá

Stari Grad – mesto zo Zoznamu Unesco

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Historický názov mesta je Pharos (Faros). Bol kolonizovaný Grékmi (croatia.hr). Je to zaujímavé a pekné mestečko. Starigradské pole, ktoré sa nachádza pri meste, je na Zozname UNESCO. Tamojšie výsadby vinohradov a olív zostali „prakticky nezmenené“ od prvej kolonizácie starých Grékov (croatia.hr). Pre Stari Grad sú typické úzke a samozrejme prístav, na mnohých miestach doslova dýcha .

Je obľúbeným letoviskom, na severozápade Hvaru. V meste žije cca 1900 obyvateľov. Je preslávený pestovaním levandule. Hlavným odvetvím je cestovný ruch a popri to vinárstvo. sa tiahnu až k Jelse a Vrboske. Mimoriadnou historickou pamiatkou je, že sa tu zachoval tzv. grécky ager – rozparcelovanie poľnohospodárskej pôdy prisťahovalcom po kolonizácii ostrova Grékmi spred 2500 rokov (chorvatsko.cz).

The historical name of the town is Pharos (Faros). It was colonized by the Greeks (croatia.hr). It is an interesting and beautiful little town. The Stari Grad Plain, located near the town, is on the UNESCO List. The local vineyard and olive grove plantations have remained „practically unchanged“ since the first colonization by the ancient Greeks (croatia.hr). Stari Grad is characterized by narrow streets, and of course, the harbor, where history literally breathes in many places.

It is a popular resort on the northwest of . The town has about 1900 inhabitants. It is renowned for lavender cultivation. The main industries are tourism and, alongside that, winemaking. Vineyards stretch all the way to Jelsa and Vrboska. An exceptional historical landmark is the preservation of the so-called Greek ager – the division of agricultural land by immigrants after the Greek colonization of the island 2500 years ago (chorvatsko.cz).

Povijesno ime grada je Pharos (Faros). Bio je koloniziran od strane Grka (croatia.hr). To je zanimljiv i lijep gradić. Starigradsko polje, koje se nalazi blizu grada, nalazi se na UNESCO-ovu popisu. Tamošnji vinogradarski i maslinički nasadi ostali su „praktički nepromijenjeni“ od prvog naseljavanja starih Grka (croatia.hr). Za Stari Grad su karakteristične uske i naravno, luka, gdje povijest doslovno diše na mnogim mjestima.

To je popularno ljetovalište na sjeverozapadu Hvara. U gradu živi oko 1900 stanovnika. Poznat je po uzgoju lavande. Glavne djelatnosti su turizam i, uz to, vinogradarstvo. Vinogradi se protežu sve do Jelse i Vrboske. Izuzetan povijesni spomenik je sačuvani takozvani grčki ager – podjela poljoprivrednog zemljišta doseljenicima nakon grčke kolonizacije otoka prije 2500 godina (chorvatsko.cz).

Krajina, Zahraničie, Typ krajiny, Mestá, TOP, Fotografie, Taliansko

Taliansko

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v tvare čižmy, ktorá vychádza z kontinentu a z ostatných strán je obklopená Stredozemným morom. má slávnu históriu, kto by nepoznal staroveký Rím, obdobie antiky, Nera, Marca Aurelia, Cézara?

V Taliansku žije viac ako 60 miliónov obyvateľov na ploche 301 230 km2. Má niekoľko ostrovov: Síciliu, Sardíniu, Elbu, Capri, Tremiti a Ischiu (Wikipedia.sk). Väčšina Talianska je Apeninským poloostrovom. Na severe sa vypínajú Alpy, na hraniciach s Francúzskom je najvyšší vrch Európy Mont Blanc. Cez poloostrov sa tiahnu Apeniny. Na ostrovoch sú činné sopky Vezuv, Etna, Stromboli (Wikipedia.sk).

Pomerne veľké zastúpenie majú národnosti okrem domácej, ktorá tvorí takmer 93 % populácie. A to najmä rumuni, severoafričania, albánci, čínania, ukrajinci. Veľké Talianska: Rím (Rome), Miláno (Milan), Neapol, Turín, Palermo, Janov (Genoa), Bologna, Florencia, Bari, Catania, Benátky (Venice), Verona, Messina, Padova (Padua) (Wikipedia ENG). Regióny Talianska: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Kalábria, Campania, Emilia Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardínia, Sicília, Toskánsko, Trentino – Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d`Aousta, Venécia (dovolenkataliansko.sk). Rím je sídlom pápeža. Veľmi známa je veta: „Všetky vedú do Ríma„.

V staroveku na území Talianska existovali mestské štáty čiastočne založených na gréckej kolonizácii a etruské mestá. V 8. storočí vznikol Rím, ktorý zažil veľkú slávu a tešil sa jej viac ako tisíc rokov. Zanikol v roku 476 (Wikipedia.cz). V staroveku (264 – 144 pred n. l.) počas púnskym vojen Féničania z Kartága bojovali proti Rimanom. V rokoch 73 – 71 pred n. l. prebehlo Spartakove povstanie. Spartakus bol gladiátor (Petra Surmová). 

Niektorí zo slávnych vládcov Ríma: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Pertinax, Septimus Severus, Valerian, Gallienus, Quintillus, Tacitus, Florianus, Diocletian, Flavius Valerius Severus, Licinius, Theodosius, Romulus Augustulus (List of Roman emperors). Známi hudobní skladatelia: Giacomo Puccini, Claudio Monteverdi, Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi, Gioacchino Rossini, Nicolo Paganini, Giuseppe Verdi, Gaeotano Donizetti. Známi maliari: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Botticelli, Caravaggio, Titian, Raphael, spisovatelia: Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Torquato Tasso, filozofovia: Giordano Bruno, Niccolo Machiavelli, filmári: Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni, Sergio Leone, vedci: Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Enrico Fermi, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Alessandro Volta, Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci, Camillo Golgi, Guglielmo Marconi (Wikipedia ENG).

Svetoznáme sú módne značky Gucci, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Armani (worldcat.org), Benetton (Delana Mikolášová), aperitívy: Cinzano, Martini, Campari, syry: mozzarella, gorgonzola, parmigiano, (Delana Mikolášová), futbalové kluby: Juventus Turín, AC Miláno, Lazio Rím, Inter Miláno, AC Parma, SSC Neapol.

Italy, shaped like a boot, extends from the continent and is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Italy boasts a rich history, with the renowned ancient Rome, the antiquity period, and iconic figures like Nero, Marcus Aurelius, and Caesar.

With a population exceeding 60 million across 301,230 km², Italy includes several islands such as Sicily, Sardinia, Elba, Capri, Tremiti, and Ischia (Wikipedia.sk). The majority of Italy is the Apennine Peninsula. The Alps rise to the north, with Mont Blanc, Europe’s highest peak, bordering France. The Apennines stretch across the peninsula. Active volcanoes, including Vesuvius, Etna, and Stromboli, are found on the islands (Wikipedia.sk).

Apart from the predominantly native population, making up almost 93%, Italy hosts diverse nationalities like Romanians, North Africans, Albanians, Chinese, and Ukrainians. Major cities include Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo, Genoa, Bologna, Florence, Bari, Catania, Venice, Verona, Messina, and Padua (Wikipedia ENG). Regions in Italy encompass Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia Romagna, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy, Marche, Molise, Piedmont, Puglia, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Trentino – Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d’Aosta, and Veneto (dovolenkataliansko.sk). Rome serves as the papal residence, and the famous saying goes, „All roads lead to Rome.“

In ancient times, Italy was home to city-states partly founded on Greek colonization and Etruscan cities. Rome emerged in the 8th century, experiencing grandeur for over a millennium before its decline in 476 (Wikipedia.cz). In the ancient era (264 – 144 BC), during the Punic Wars, the Phoenicians from Carthage fought against the Romans. The Spartacus uprising occurred between 73 – 71 BC, led by the gladiator Spartacus (Petra Surmová).

Some notable Roman rulers include Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus, among others (List of Roman emperors). Renowned composers from Italy include Giacomo Puccini, Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, and Giuseppe Verdi. The country has produced celebrated artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, and Caravaggio, and famous writers such as Dante Alighieri and Giovanni Boccaccio. Notable philosophers include Giordano Bruno and Niccolo Machiavelli. In cinema, Italy boasts directors like Federico Fellini and Sergio Leone. The country has produced influential scientists, including Galileo Galilei and Enrico Fermi (Wikipedia ENG).

Italy is home to world-famous fashion brands like Gucci, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Armani, and Benetton (worldcat.org). Iconic aperitifs like Cinzano, Martini, and Campari, as well as cheeses like mozzarella, gorgonzola, and parmigiano, have gained global recognition (Delana Mikolášová). Football clubs like Juventus Turin, AC Milan, Lazio Rome, Inter Milan, AC Parma, and SSC Naples are prominent in Italian sports.

Itálie, una terra a forma di stivale che sporge dal continente e che da ogni altra parte è circondata dal Mar Mediterraneo. L’Italia vanta una storia illustre, chi non conosce l’antica Roma, il periodo dell’antichità, Nerva, Marco Aurelio, Cesare?

In Italia vivono più di 60 milioni di abitanti su una superficie di 301.230 km2. Ha diverse isole: la Sicilia, la Sardegna, l’Elba, Capri, le Tremiti e Ischia (Wikipedia.sk). La maggior parte dell’Italia è costituita dalla penisola appenninica. A nord si ergono le Alpi, con il Monte Bianco che segna il confine con la Francia. Attraverso la penisola si estendono gli Appennini. Sulle isole ci sono vulcani attivi come il Vesuvio, l’Etna, lo Stromboli (Wikipedia.sk).

Le nazionalità hanno una rappresentanza piuttosto ampia, oltre alla popolazione locale che costituisce quasi il 93% della popolazione. Queste includono rumeni, nordafricani, albanesi, cinesi, ucraini. Le grandi città d’Italia includono Roma (Rome), Milano (Milano), Napoli, Torino, Palermo, Genova (Genoa), Bologna, Firenze, Bari, Catania, Venezia (Venice), Verona, Messina, Padova (Padua) (Wikipedia ENG). Le regioni italiane includono l’Abruzzo, la Basilicata, la Calabria, la Campania, l’Emilia Romagna, il Friuli Venezia Giulia, il Lazio, la Liguria, la Lombardia, le Marche, il Molise, il Piemonte, la Puglia, la Sardegna, la Sicilia, la Toscana, il Trentino – Alto Adige, l’Umbria, la Valle d’Aosta, il Veneto (dovolenkataliansko.sk). Roma è la sede del Papa. Molto nota è la frase: „Tutte le strade portano a Roma“.

Nell’antichità, sul territorio italiano, esistevano città-stato parzialmente fondate sulla colonizzazione greca e sulle città etrusche. Nel VIII secolo si formò Roma, che visse una grande gloria per più di mille anni e scomparve nel 476 (Wikipedia.cz). Nell’antichità (264 – 144 a.C.) durante le guerre puniche i Fenici di Cartagine combatterono contro i Romani. Negli anni 73 – 71 a.C. si verificò la rivolta di Spartaco. Spartaco era un gladiatore (Petra Surmová).

Alcuni dei famosi governanti di Roma includono Augusto, Tiberio, Caligola, Claudio, Nerone, Vespasiano, Tito, Traiano, Adriano, Antonino Pio, Lucio Vero, Marco Aurelio, Commodo, Pertinace, Settimio Severo, Valeriano, Gallieno, Quintillo, Tacito, Floriano, Diocleziano, Flavio Valerio Severo, Licinio, Teodosio, Romolo Augusto (List of Roman emperors). Famosi compositori musicali italiani includono Giacomo Puccini, Claudio Monteverdi, Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi, Gioachino Rossini, Niccolò Paganini, Giuseppe Verdi, Gaetano Donizetti. Artisti famosi includono Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Botticelli, Caravaggio, Tiziano, Raffaello, scrittori come Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Torquato Tasso, filosofi come Giordano Bruno, Niccolò Machiavelli, registi come Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni, Sergio Leone, scienziati come Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Enrico Fermi, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Alessandro Volta, Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci, Camillo Golgi, Guglielmo Marconi (Wikipedia ENG).

Sono famose in tutto il mondo marche di moda come Gucci, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Armani (worldcat.org), Benetton (Delana Mikolášová), aperitivi come Cinzano, Martini, Campari, formaggi come mozzarella, gorgonzola, parmigiano (Delana Mikolášová), e squadre di calcio come la Juventus di Torino, l’AC Milano, la Lazio di Roma, l’Inter Milano, l’AC Parma, il SSC Napoli.

Niektoré príspevky

Krajina, Slovensko, Typ krajiny, Mestá, Slovenské mestá, Mestá, Hont, Fotografie

Krupina – jedno z najstarších slovenských miest

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Krupina je na polceste medzi Banskou Bystricou a Šahami a medzi Zlatými Moravcami a Lučencom. Je to historické mesto ležiace na pomedzí Štiavnických vrchov a Krupinskej planiny. Na okraji historického regiónu siedmich stredoslovenských banských miest. V listinách sa spomína už od 12. storočia. V roku 1244 získalo mestské výsady a stalo sa slobodným kráľovským mestom (Rastislav Sabucha). V Krupine, nemecky Karpfen, maďarsky Korpona žilo v roku 2005 7 812 obyvateľov. Leží v nadmorskej výške 262 metrov nad morom (Wikipedia ENG). Okolie Krupiny bolo osídlené už v mladšej dobe kamennej. V stredoveku sem prišli Slováci. Krupina patrí medzi najstaršie na Slovensku (Wikipedia.sk). Plnohodnotné stredoveké mesto z Krupiny vytvorili nemeckí kolonisti, ktorí prišli do tejto oblasti koncom 12. a začiatkom 13. storočia. V roku 1241 mesto spustošili Tatári. Neskôr mesto ohrozovali , aj preto boli vybudované strážne veže – vartovky, z ktorých sa tá na vrchu Stražavár zachovala (Vladimír Júda, Miroslav Lukáč). Podzemné chodby sú takmer pod celým historickým centrom. Zrejme sa v nich primárne skladovali potraviny. Veľké pivnice vyvolávajú množstvo otázok, v jednej z nich, pod starou radnicou, mučili bosorky. Práve tu upálili najviac stríg na našom území. Traduje sa, že poslednú bosorku v Európe upálili v roku 1741 práve v Krupine. V meste sa nachádzajú tzv. Turecké studne – vytesané otvory do , možno studne z ktorých Turci napájali (Dagmar Teliščáková). Po roku 1989 malo mesto ako jedno z prvých miest na Slovensku káblovú televíziu a miestne televízne vysielanie. Začali vychádzať Hontianske (Vladimír Júda, Miroslav Lukáč).

Z Krupiny pochádza spisovateľ a kňaz Karol Braxatoris, básnik Andrej Sládkovič, prozaička, redaktorka a publicistka Elena Maróthy-Šoltésová, herec Viliam Polónyi. Pôsobil tu hudobný skladateľ Eugen Suchoň, spisovateľ Jozef Cíger Hronský (Wikipedia.sk), študoval tu Marián Labuda (Miroslav Lukáč).

Krupina is situated halfway between and Šahy and between Zlaté Moravce and Lučenec. It is a historical town located on the border of the Štiavnické Vrchy and Krupinská Planina regions, on the edge of the historic region of the seven Central Slovak mining towns. It is mentioned in documents from the 12th century. In 1244, it gained town privileges and became a free royal town (Rastislav Sabucha). In Krupina, known as Karpfen in German and Korpona in Hungarian, there were 7,812 inhabitants in 2005. It is situated at an elevation of 262 meters above sea level (Wikipedia ENG). The surroundings of Krupina were inhabited in the younger Stone Age, and Slovaks settled here in the medieval period. Krupina is among the oldest towns in Slovakia (Wikipedia.sk). German colonists who arrived in the late 12th and early 13th centuries shaped Krupina into a fully-fledged medieval town. In 1241, the town was devastated by the Tatars. Later, it faced threats from the Turks, leading to the construction of guard towers, one of which, on Stražavár Hill, still stands today (Vladimír Júda, Miroslav Lukáč). Underground tunnels extend beneath almost the entire historical center, likely used primarily for storing food. Large cellars raise many questions; in one of them, beneath the old town hall, alleged witches were tortured. It is said that the last witch in Europe was burned at the stake in Krupina in 1741. The city is home to the so-called Turkish Wells—carved openings into the rock, possibly wells from which the Turks watered their horses (Dagmar Teliščáková). After 1989, the city was among the first in Slovakia to have cable television and local television broadcasting. The Hontian Newspapers began to be published (Vladimír Júda, Miroslav Lukáč).

Notable individuals from Krupina include writer and priest Karol Braxatoris, poet Andrej Sládkovič, prose writer, editor, and publicist Elena Maróthy-Šoltésová, actor Viliam Polónyi. The music composer Eugen Suchoň, writer Jozef Cíger Hronský (Wikipedia.sk), and actor Marián Labuda studied in Krupina (Miroslav Lukáč).