Krajina, Zahraničie, Fotografie, Grécko

Grécko – staroveká krajina

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Grécko leží juhu Európy. Je to krajina z bohatou históriou. Rozprestiera sa na rozlohe 131 957 km2, žije tu takmer 11 miliónov obyvateľov. Ročne Grécko navštívi viac ako 11 miliónov turistov (walkers.sk). Hlavným mestom sú . 

Ku Grécku patrí asi 2000 ostrovov, prevažne v Egejskom mori. Medzi známe a veľké patrí Kréta a . Už od staroveku sa Grécko rozdeľuje na Makedoniu na severe, Trákiu na severovýchode, na stredozápade, Tesáliu na stredovýchode, Ruméliu ja juhu, Peloponézu, Krétu, Egejské a Iónske ostrovy. Medzi veľké patrí napr. , , , , Argos, , . Grécke dejiny sú veľmi bohaté, jedny z najdlhších a najvýznamnejších. Pred príchodom Grékov žili na území Grécka a . V 4 – 3 tisícročí pred n.l do Grécka prenikli prvé grécke – Achájci, ktorí vytvorili prvú – Mykénsku kultúru. Neskôr ich nasledovali ďalšie kmene – Dóri, , , , . Grécka položila európskej kultúry. Do 17. storočia patrila medzi najkultúrnejšie európske aj Kréta, kde vládli Benátčania (wikipedia.sk). 

Kultúra súčasného Grécka vychádza predovšetkým z byzantských a zo starovekých tradícií. Grécka kultúra ako celok má bližšie k orientálnym krajinám, ako k Európe. sa radi zabávajú pri hudbe, tanci, aj víne. Ľudová a sú najpopulárnejšie a najviac udržiavané zo všetkých európskych krajín. Dokonca aj dnes vznikajú nové . Všeobecne známa je . V 9. storočí pred n.l žil Homér. Veľmi známi sú , , Aichilos, , , , . je typická stredomorská. Používa sa veľké množstvo olivového oleja. Grécko patrí medzi najobľúbenejšie , hojne navštevované sú ostrovy Kréta, Rhodos, , Kefalónia, , Thassos, , polostrov . Za pamiatkami sa chodí do týchto miest: Atény, Téby, , , , Knossos,  (wikipedia.sk).

Greece is located in southern . is a country with a rich history, covering an area of 131,957 km2, and is home to nearly 11 million inhabitants. More than 11 million tourists visit Greece annually (walkers.sk). The capital is Athens.

Greece includes about 2000 islands, primarily in the Aegean Sea. Among the well-known and large islands are Crete and Rhodes. Since ancient times, Greece has been divided into in the north, Thrace in the northeast, Epirus in the northwest, Thessaly in the northeast, Rumelia in the south, Peloponnese, Crete, the Aegean, and Ionian Islands. Major cities include Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Larissa, Xanthi, Argos, Heraklion, Corinth. Greek history is very rich, being one of the longest and most significant. Before the arrival of the Greeks, Pelasgians and Minoans lived in the territory of Greece. In the 4th – 3rd millennium BC, the Greek tribes – Achaeans, who created the first Mycenaean culture, penetrated Greece. They were followed by other tribes – Dorians, Ionians, Aeolians, Epirotes, Macedonians. Greek culture laid the foundations of European culture. Until the 17th century, Crete, ruled by the Venetians, was one of the most cultured European centers (wikipedia.sk).

Contemporary Greek culture is primarily influenced by Byzantine and ancient traditions. Greek culture as a whole is closer to oriental countries than to Europe. Greeks enjoy entertainment through music, dance, food, and wine. music and traditional dances are the most popular and well-preserved among all European countries. Even today, new folk songs are being created. Greek literature is widely known, with Homer living in the 9th century BC. Other famous figures include Sophocles, Euripides, Aeschylus, Aristophanes, Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle. Greek cuisine is typically Mediterranean, with the abundant use of olive oil. Greece is among the most popular tourist destinations, with islands such as Crete, Rhodes, Lesbos, Kefalonia, Corfu, Thassos, Zakynthos, and the Chalkidiki Peninsula being heavily visited. Tourists also explore historical sites in cities like Athens, Thebes, Delphi, Mycenae, Sparta, Knossos, Ithaca (wikipedia.sk).

Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται στη νότια Ευρώπη. Είναι μια χώρα με πλούσια ιστορία, καλύπτοντας μια έκταση 131.957 τ.χλμ. και φιλοξενεί σχεδόν 11 εκατομμύρια κατοίκους. Περισσότεροι από 11 εκατομμύρια τουρίστες επισκέπτονται την Ελλάδα ετησίως (walkers.sk). Η πρωτεύουσα είναι η Αθήνα.

Η Ελλάδα περιλαμβάνει περίπου 2000 νησιά, κυρίως στο Αιγαίο Πέλαγος. Μεταξύ των γνωστών και μεγάλων νησιών περιλαμβάνονται η Κρήτη και ο Ρόδος. Από την αρχαιότητα, η Ελλάδα χωρίζεται σε Μακεδονία στα βόρεια, Θράκη στα βορειοανατολικά, Ήπειρο στα κεντροδυτικά, Θεσσαλία στα κεντροανατολικά, Ρουμελία στα νότια, Πελοπόννησο, Κρήτη, Αιγαίο και Ιόνιο Νησιά. Σημαντικές πόλεις περιλαμβάνουν τη Θεσσαλονίκη, τον Πειραιά, τη Λάρισα, την Ξάνθη, το Άργος, το Ηράκλειο, την Κόρινθο. Η ελληνική ιστορία είναι πολύ πλούσια, αποτελώντας μία από τις πιο μακρόχρονες και σημαντικές. Πριν από την άφιξη των Ελλήνων, ζούσαν στην περιοχή της Ελλάδας οι Πελασγοί και οι Μινωίτες. Στον 4ο – 3ο χιλιετία π.Χ., οι πρώτοι ελληνικοί φυλετικοί οικισμοί, οι Αχαιοί, εισήλθαν στην Ελλάδα, δημιουργώντας τον πρώτο πολιτισμό, την Μυκηναϊκή. Ακολούθησαν άλλες φυλές – Δωριείς, Ίωνες, Αιολείς, Ηπειρώτες, Μακεδόνες. Η ελληνική πολιτιστική κληρονομιά τέθηκε τα θεμέλια του ευρωπαϊκού πολιτισμού. Μέχρι τον 17ο αιώνα, η Κρήτη, κυριαρχούμενη από τους Βενετσιάνους, ήταν ένα από τα πιο καλλιεργημένα ευρωπαϊκά κέντρα (wikipedia.sk).

Η σύγχρονη ελληνική κουλτούρα επηρεάζεται κυρίως από βυζαντινές και αρχαίες παραδόσεις. Η ελληνική κουλτούρα συνολικά βρίσκεται πιο κοντά σε ανατολικές χώρες παρά στην Ευρώπη. Οι Έλληνες απολαμβάνουν τη διασκέδαση μέσω μουσικής, χορού, φαγητού και κρασιού. Η λαϊκή μουσική και τα παραδοσιακά χορευτικά είναι τα πιο δημοφιλή και καλά διατηρημένα ανάμεσα σε όλες τις ευρωπαϊκές χώρες. Ακόμα και σήμερα δημιουργούνται νέα λαϊκά τραγούδια. Η ελληνική λογοτεχνία είναι ευρέως γνωστή, με τον Όμηρο να ζει στον 9ο αιώνα π.Χ. Άλλα διάσημα πρόσωπα περιλαμβάνουν τους Σοφοκλή, Ευριπίδη, Αισχύλο, Αριστοφάνη, Ηρόδοτο, Πλάτων, Αριστοτέλη. Η ελληνική κουζίνα είναι τυπικά μεσογειακή, με την έντονη χρήση ελαιολάδου. Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στα πιο δημοφιλή τουριστικά προορισμούς, με τα νησιά όπως η Κρήτη, η Ρόδος, η Λέσβος, η Κεφαλονιά, η Κέρκυρα, η Θάσος, το Ζάκυνθο, και ο χερσαίος τόπος Χαλκιδική να είναι πολύ επισκεφθημένα. Οι τουρίστες εξερευνούν επίσης ιστορικούς χώρους σε πόλεις όπως Αθήνα, Θήβες, Δελφοί, Μυκήνες, Σπάρτη, Κνωσός, Ιθάκη (wikipedia.sk).

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Krajina, Zahraničie, Typ krajiny, Mestá, TOP, Fotografie, Taliansko

Taliansko

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Krajina v tvare , ktorá vychádza z kontinentu a z ostatných strán je obklopená Stredozemným morom. Taliansko má slávnu históriu, kto by nepoznal staroveký Rím, obdobie antiky, Nera, Marca Aurelia, Cézara?

V Taliansku žije viac ako 60 miliónov obyvateľov na ploche 301 230 km2. Má niekoľko ostrovov: Síciliu, Sardíniu, Elbu, Capri, a Ischiu (Wikipedia.sk). Väčšina Talianska je Apeninským poloostrovom. Na severe sa vypínajú , na hraniciach s Francúzskom je najvyšší vrch Európy . Cez poloostrov sa tiahnu Apeniny. Na ostrovoch sú činné sopky , Etna, Stromboli (Wikipedia.sk).

Pomerne veľké zastúpenie majú národnosti okrem domácej, ktorá tvorí takmer 93 % . A to najmä rumuni, severoafričania, albánci, čínania, . Veľké mestá Talianska: Rím (Rome), (Milan), , Turín, Palermo, Janov (Genoa), Bologna, Florencia, , Catania, Benátky (Venice), Verona, Messina, Padova () (Wikipedia ENG). Regióny Talianska: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Kalábria, , , , Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, , Piemonte, , Sardínia, Sicília, , Trentino – Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d`Aousta, Venécia (dovolenkataliansko.sk). Rím je sídlom pápeža. Veľmi známa je veta: „Všetky vedú do Ríma„.

V staroveku na území Talianska existovali mestské štáty čiastočne založených na gréckej kolonizácii a etruské mestá. V 8. storočí vznikol Rím, ktorý zažil veľkú slávu a tešil sa jej viac ako tisíc rokov. Zanikol v roku 476 (Wikipedia.cz). V staroveku (264 – 144 pred n. l.) počas púnskym vojen Féničania z Kartága bojovali proti Rimanom. V rokoch 73 – 71 pred n. l. prebehlo Spartakove povstanie. bol gladiátor (Petra Surmová). 

Niektorí zo slávnych vládcov Ríma: Augustus, Tiberius, , Claudius, , , Vespasian, Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, , Lucius Verus, Marcus Aurelius, , Pertinax, , , Gallienus, Quintillus, Tacitus, Florianus, Diocletian, Flavius Valerius Severus, Licinius, Theodosius, (List of Roman emperors). Známi hudobní skladatelia: Giacomo Puccini, Claudio Monteverdi, Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi, Gioacchino Rossini, , Giuseppe Verdi, Gaeotano Donizetti. Známi : , , Donatello, Botticelli, Caravaggio, , Raphael, : Dante Alighieri, , Torquato Tasso, filozofovia: Giordano Bruno, Niccolo Machiavelli, filmári: Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, , , Michelangelo Antonioni, , vedci: Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Enrico Fermi, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Alessandro Volta, Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci, , Guglielmo Marconi (Wikipedia ENG).

Svetoznáme sú módne značky Gucci, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Armani (worldcat.org), Benetton (Delana Mikolášová), aperitívy: , Martini, Campari, syry: mozzarella, , parmigiano, (Delana Mikolášová), futbalové : Juventus Turín, AC Miláno, , Inter Miláno, AC Parma, SSC Neapol.

Italy, shaped like a boot, extends from the continent and is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Italy boasts a rich history, with the renowned ancient Rome, the antiquity period, and iconic figures like Nero, Marcus Aurelius, and Caesar.

With a population exceeding 60 million across 301,230 km², Italy includes several islands such as Sicily, Sardinia, , Capri, Tremiti, and Ischia (Wikipedia.sk). The majority of Italy is the Apennine Peninsula. The Alps rise to the north, with Mont Blanc, ‚s highest peak, bordering France. The Apennines stretch across the peninsula. Active volcanoes, including Vesuvius, Etna, and Stromboli, are found on the islands (Wikipedia.sk).

Apart from the predominantly native population, making up almost 93%, Italy hosts diverse nationalities like Romanians, North Africans, Albanians, Chinese, and Ukrainians. Major cities include Rome, Milan, , Turin, Palermo, Genoa, Bologna, Florence, Bari, Catania, Venice, Verona, Messina, and Padua (Wikipedia ENG). Regions in Italy encompass Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia Romagna, Friuli Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy, Marche, Molise, Piedmont, Puglia, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Trentino – Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d’Aosta, and Veneto (dovolenkataliansko.sk). Rome serves as the papal residence, and the famous saying goes, „All roads lead to Rome.“

In ancient times, Italy was home to -states partly founded on Greek colonization and Etruscan cities. Rome emerged in the 8th century, experiencing grandeur for over a millennium before its decline in 476 (Wikipedia.cz). In the ancient era (264 – 144 BC), during the Punic Wars, the Phoenicians from Carthage fought against the Romans. The Spartacus uprising occurred between 73 – 71 BC, led by the gladiator Spartacus (Petra Surmová).

Some notable rulers include Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus, among others (List of Roman emperors). Renowned composers from Italy include Giacomo Puccini, Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, and Giuseppe Verdi. The country has produced celebrated artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, and Caravaggio, and famous writers such as Dante Alighieri and Giovanni Boccaccio. Notable philosophers include Giordano Bruno and Niccolo Machiavelli. In cinema, Italy boasts directors like Federico Fellini and Sergio Leone. The country has produced influential scientists, including Galileo Galilei and Enrico Fermi (Wikipedia ENG).

Italy is home to world-famous fashion brands like Gucci, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Armani, and Benetton (worldcat.org). Iconic aperitifs like Cinzano, Martini, and Campari, as well as cheeses like mozzarella, gorgonzola, and parmigiano, have gained global recognition (Delana Mikolášová). Football clubs like Juventus Turin, AC Milan, Lazio Rome, Inter Milan, AC Parma, and SSC Naples are prominent in Italian sports.

Itálie, una terra a forma di stivale che sporge dal continente e che da ogni altra parte è circondata dal Mar Mediterraneo. L’Italia vanta una storia illustre, chi non conosce l’antica Roma, il periodo dell’antichità, Nerva, Marco Aurelio, Cesare?

In Italia vivono più di 60 milioni di abitanti su una superficie di 301.230 km2. Ha diverse isole: la Sicilia, la Sardegna, l’Elba, Capri, le Tremiti e Ischia (Wikipedia.sk). La maggior parte dell’Italia è costituita dalla penisola appenninica. A nord si ergono le Alpi, con il Monte Bianco che segna il confine con la Francia. Attraverso la penisola si estendono gli Appennini. Sulle isole ci sono vulcani attivi come il Vesuvio, l’Etna, lo Stromboli (Wikipedia.sk).

Le nazionalità hanno una rappresentanza piuttosto ampia, oltre alla popolazione locale che costituisce quasi il 93% della popolazione. Queste includono rumeni, nordafricani, albanesi, cinesi, ucraini. Le grandi città d’Italia includono Roma (Rome), Milano (Milano), Napoli, Torino, Palermo, Genova (Genoa), Bologna, Firenze, Bari, Catania, Venezia (Venice), Verona, Messina, Padova (Padua) (Wikipedia ENG). Le regioni italiane includono l’Abruzzo, la Basilicata, la Calabria, la Campania, l’Emilia Romagna, il Friuli Venezia Giulia, il Lazio, la Liguria, la Lombardia, le Marche, il Molise, il Piemonte, la Puglia, la Sardegna, la Sicilia, la , il Trentino – Alto Adige, l’Umbria, la Valle d’Aosta, il Veneto (dovolenkataliansko.sk). Roma è la sede del Papa. Molto nota è la frase: „Tutte le strade portano a Roma“.

Nell’antichità, sul territorio italiano, esistevano città-stato parzialmente fondate sulla colonizzazione greca e sulle città etrusche. Nel VIII secolo si formò Roma, che visse una grande gloria per più di mille anni e scomparve nel 476 (Wikipedia.cz). Nell’antichità (264 – 144 a.C.) durante le guerre puniche i Fenici di Cartagine combatterono contro i Romani. Negli anni 73 – 71 a.C. si verificò la rivolta di Spartaco. Spartaco era un gladiatore (Petra Surmová).

Alcuni dei famosi governanti di Roma includono Augusto, Tiberio, Caligola, Claudio, Nerone, Vespasiano, Tito, Traiano, Adriano, Antonino Pio, Lucio Vero, Marco Aurelio, Commodo, Pertinace, Settimio Severo, Valeriano, Gallieno, Quintillo, Tacito, Floriano, Diocleziano, Flavio Valerio Severo, Licinio, Teodosio, Romolo Augusto (List of Roman emperors). Famosi compositori musicali italiani includono Giacomo Puccini, Claudio Monteverdi, Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi, Gioachino Rossini, Niccolò Paganini, Giuseppe Verdi, Gaetano Donizetti. Artisti famosi includono Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Botticelli, Caravaggio, Tiziano, Raffaello, scrittori come Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Torquato Tasso, filosofi come Giordano Bruno, Niccolò Machiavelli, registi come Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni, Sergio Leone, scienziati come Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Enrico Fermi, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Alessandro Volta, Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci, Camillo Golgi, Guglielmo Marconi (Wikipedia ENG).

Sono famose in tutto il mondo marche di moda come Gucci, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Armani (worldcat.org), Benetton (Delana Mikolášová), aperitivi come Cinzano, Martini, Campari, formaggi come mozzarella, gorgonzola, parmigiano (Delana Mikolášová), e squadre di calcio come la Juventus di Torino, l’AC Milano, la Lazio di Roma, l’Inter Milano, l’AC Parma, il SSC Napoli.

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