2011, 2011-2015, 2014, Biotopy, Časová línia, Hory, Krajina, Liptov, Organizmy, Príroda, Rastliny, Slovenská krajina, Stromy

Važec

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Važec leží v Lip­tov­skej kot­li­ne, v údo­lí Bie­le­ho Váhu v nad­mor­skej výš­ke 788 met­rov nad morom. Nemec­ký názov pre obec je Waags­dorf, maďar­ský Váz­sec. Na plo­che 59.68 km2 (Wiki­pe­dia) tu žije tak­mer 2 500 oby­va­te­ľov (vyso​ke​-tat​ry​.info). Cho­tár­ne náz­vy ​„Turie pole“, Tura­pu­la sved­čia o sta­ro­by­los­ti osíd­le­nia (Michal Hybe­na). Obec zalo­žil šol­týs Ger­hardt v roku 1280. Vlast­ník­mi obce boli naj­mä Szen­ti­vá­ny­i­ov­ci, Szm­rec­zá­ny­i­ov­ci a Baá­nov­ci (vyso​ke​-tat​ry​.info). V roku 1310 sa spo­mí­na osa­da Bilan­sko pri Bilan­skej vode (obec​va​zec​.sk). V roku 1931 tak­mer celá obec, cha­rak­te­ris­tic­ká dre­ve­ni­ca­mi, vyho­re­la. Važec bol vďač­ným mies­tom tvor­by mno­hých malia­rov, dôklad­ne ho pre­skú­ma­li náro­do­pis­ci, pre­to­že tra­dí­cie ľudo­vé­ho odie­va­nia, zvy­kov a ume­nia sa zacho­va­li v nešty­li­zo­va­nej a čis­tej podo­be až do záve­ru 20. sto­ro­čia. K obci sa via­že Važec­ká jas­ky­ňa s kvap­ľo­vou výzdo­bou (vyso​ke​-tat​ry​.info). Pome­no­va­nie obce pochá­dza od rie­ky Váh (Michal Hybe­na). Važec je cha­rak­te­ris­tic­ký ľudo­vým sta­vi­teľ­stvom, kto­ré nesie cha­rak­te­ris­tic­ké zna­ky hor­ských oblas­tí. Pôvod­né zru­bo­vé jed­no­pries­to­ro­vé domy – ​“Dre­ve­ni­ce” sa sta­va­li v nepra­vi­del­nom zosku­pe­ní. Sta­va­li sa pre­važ­ne zo smre­ko­vé­ho dre­va, pri­čom na zákla­dy, prieč­ky a sýp­ky sa pou­ží­val rieč­ny kameň spá­ja­ný hli­ne­nou mal­tou. Cha­rak­te­ris­tic­ký je aj ľudo­vý kroj. Šil sa s ľano­vé­ho plát­na a bie­le­ho súk­na, kto­ré boli vyrá­ba­né z ľanu a vlny. Pou­ží­va­la sa aj kožu­ši­na. Zacho­va­la sa for­ma dlhé­ho koše­ľo­vi­té­ho ode­vu (Michal Hybe­na).

Važec is situ­ated in the Lip­tov Basin, in the val­ley of the Whi­te Váh river, at an ele­va­ti­on of 788 meters abo­ve sea level. The Ger­man name for the vil­la­ge is Waags­dorf, and in Hun­ga­rian, it is kno­wn as Váz­sec. Cove­ring an area of 59.68 km² (Wiki­pe­dia), it is home to near­ly 2,500 resi­dents (vyso​ke​-tat​ry​.info). Field names like ​“Turie pole” and Tura­pu­la indi­ca­te the ancient his­to­ry of sett­le­ment (Michal Hybe­na). The vil­la­ge was foun­ded by the bai­liff Ger­hardt in 1280. Owners of the vil­la­ge inc­lu­ded the Szen­ti­vá­ny­i­ov­ci, Szm­rec­zá­ny­i­ov­ci, and Baá­nov­ci fami­lies (vyso​ke​-tat​ry​.info). In 1310, the sett­le­ment Bilan­sko near Bilan­ská voda is men­ti­oned (obec​va​zec​.sk). In 1931, almost the enti­re vil­la­ge, cha­rac­te­ri­zed by wooden cot­ta­ges, bur­ned down. Važec was an app­re­cia­ti­ve pla­ce for the work of many pain­ters; eth­nog­rap­hers exten­si­ve­ly stu­died it becau­se tra­di­ti­ons of folk clot­hing, cus­toms, and art were pre­ser­ved in an un-​stylized and pure form until the end of the 20th cen­tu­ry. The Važec­ká Cave with sta­lac­ti­te deco­ra­ti­ons is asso­cia­ted with the vil­la­ge (vyso​ke​-tat​ry​.info). The vil­la­ge­’s name comes from the Váh River (Michal Hybe­na). Važec is cha­rac­te­ri­zed by folk archi­tec­tu­re bea­ring dis­tinc­ti­ve fea­tu­res of moun­tai­nous regi­ons. Ori­gi­nal log single-​room hou­ses, kno­wn as ​“Dre­ve­ni­ce,” were built in irre­gu­lar clus­ters. They were main­ly cons­truc­ted from spru­ce wood, using river sto­nes and clay mor­tar for foun­da­ti­ons, par­ti­ti­ons, and gra­na­ries. The folk cos­tu­me is also cha­rac­te­ris­tic, made of linen and whi­te cloth from linen and wool. Fur was also used, and the long shirt-​like gar­ment form has been pre­ser­ved (Michal Hybena).

Lite­ra­tú­ra

Hyben Michal, 1981: Važec, Osve­ta, Mar­tin, Osve­ta, 344 pp.

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2006, 2006-2010, 2009, 2010, 2011-2015, 2012, 2013, 2014, Časová línia, Dokumenty, TOP, V čase

Vianoce

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Via­no­ce sú osla­vou, kto­rá nesie so sebou magic­kú atmo­sfé­ru, radost­né oča­ká­va­nia a ducha spo­lu­pat­rič­nos­ti. Via­no­ce sú obdo­bím lás­ky, rados­ti a poko­ja. Napriek svo­jej rôz­no­ro­dos­ti a indi­vi­du­ál­nym zvy­kom zdru­žu­jú ľudí a pri­ná­ša­jú do ich živo­tov čaro via­noč­né­ho kúz­la. Ten­to svia­tok, pova­žo­va­ný mno­hý­mi za najk­raj­ší čas roka, je spo­je­ný s rôz­ny­mi tra­dí­cia­mi a zvyk­mi, kto­ré zdo­bia domy a napĺňa­jú srd­cia tep­lom. Domá­ce a aj verej­né pries­to­ry sa začí­na­jú zará­bať via­noč­nou výzdo­bou. Strom­če­ky zdo­bia far­ba­mi, ozdo­ba­mi a sve­tiel­ka­mi, vytvá­ra­júc nád­her­ný pohľad. Osvet­le­né uli­ce a námes­tia pri­dá­va­jú kúz­lo do noč­ných hodín. Tra­dič­né via­noč­né trhy sú mies­tom, kde sa ľudia stre­tá­va­jú, ponú­ka­jú sa tam rôz­ne výrob­ky, od via­noč­ných ozdôb cez ruč­ne vytvo­re­né výrob­ky po lahod­né dobroty.

Špe­ci­fic­ké jed­lá a dob­ro­ty sú neod­mys­li­teľ­nou súčas­ťou via­noč­ných osláv. Vo výba­ve sú čas­to kla­sic­ké jed­lá, ako kapust­ni­ca, kapor, ryba, šošo­vi­ca a ďal­šie dob­ro­ty. Dar­če­ky pat­ria k via­noč­nej tra­dí­cii. Roz­dá­va­nie dar­če­kov je vrcho­lom via­noč­né­ho dňa. Nábo­žen­ské a rodin­né obra­dy pri­dá­va­jú hlb­ší význam sviat­ku. Via­noč­ná pol­noč­ná omša a spo­loč­né mod­lit­by vytvá­ra­jú spo­lu­pat­rič­nú atmo­sfé­ru. Via­noč­né fil­my a hud­ba pri­dá­va­jú k sviat­ku ďal­ší kúsok poho­dy. Tra­dič­né pes­nič­ky a fil­mo­vé kla­si­ky tvo­ria neod­de­li­teľ­nú súčasť via­noč­nej atmosféry.

Chris­tmas is a celeb­ra­ti­on that brings with it a magi­cal atmo­sp­he­re, joy­ful expec­ta­ti­ons, and a spi­rit of soli­da­ri­ty. It is a time of love, joy, and pea­ce. Des­pi­te its diver­si­ty and indi­vi­du­al cus­toms, it uni­tes peop­le and brings the enchant­ment of Chris­tmas magic into the­ir lives. Con­si­de­red by many as the most beau­ti­ful time of the year, Chris­tmas is asso­cia­ted with vari­ous tra­di­ti­ons and cus­toms that adorn homes and fill hearts with warmth. Both domes­tic and pub­lic spa­ces begin to adorn them­sel­ves with Chris­tmas deco­ra­ti­ons. Chris­tmas tre­es are ador­ned with colors, orna­ments, and lights, cre­a­ting a beau­ti­ful spec­tac­le. Illu­mi­na­ted stre­ets and squ­ares add magic to the night­ti­me hours. Tra­di­ti­onal Chris­tmas mar­kets are pla­ces whe­re peop­le gat­her, offe­ring a varie­ty of pro­ducts, from Chris­tmas deco­ra­ti­ons to handc­raf­ted items and deli­ci­ous treats.

Spe­ci­fic foods and deli­ca­cies are an integ­ral part of Chris­tmas celeb­ra­ti­ons. The menu often inc­lu­des tra­di­ti­onal dis­hes such as cab­ba­ge soup, carp, fish, len­tils, and other goodies. Gift-​giving is a Chris­tmas tra­di­ti­on, and exchan­ging pre­sents is the high­light of the Chris­tmas day. Reli­gi­ous and fami­ly cere­mo­nies add a dee­per mea­ning to the holi­day. Chris­tmas mid­night mass and com­mu­nal pra­y­ers cre­a­te a sen­se of soli­da­ri­ty. Chris­tmas movies and music add an extra touch of cozi­ness to the holi­day. Tra­di­ti­onal songs and film clas­sics are an integ­ral part of the Chris­tmas atmo­sp­he­re. In essen­ce, Chris­tmas is a time when peop­le come toget­her in an atmo­sp­he­re of love, joy, and pea­ce. Des­pi­te its vari­ous cus­toms, it uni­tes peop­le and brings the charm of Chris­tmas magic into the­ir lives.

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2006-2010, 2010, 2011-2015, 2013, Časová línia, Dokumenty, Stavby

Cintoríny

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Cin­to­rín je mies­to, kde sú pocho­vá­va­ní zosnu­lí. Je dôle­ži­tým mies­tom v spo­loč­nos­ti, kde sa vyjad­ru­je piet­ne spo­mí­na­nie na zosnu­lých a kde sa odrá­ža kul­tú­ra a tra­dí­cie týka­jú­ce sa smr­ti a poh­re­bov. Väč­ši­na cin­to­rí­nov obsa­hu­je hro­by ozna­če­né náhrob­ný­mi kameň­mi ale­bo pom­ník­mi, kto­ré môžu obsa­ho­vať infor­má­cie o zosnu­lom, ako naprí­klad meno, dátum naro­de­nia a úmr­tia. Oko­lo hro­bov môžu byť umiest­ne­né rôz­ne ozdo­by, kve­ty a iné sym­bo­ly. Exis­tu­jú rôz­ne dru­hy cin­to­rí­nov, vrá­ta­ne verej­ných a súkrom­ných, nábo­žen­ských a seku­lár­nych. Nie­kto­ré kul­tú­ry majú tra­dič­né obra­dy spo­je­né s náv­šte­vou cin­to­rí­na, naprí­klad v urči­té dni v roku, kedy sa spo­mí­na na zosnu­lých. Cin­to­rí­ny môžu byť tiež mies­tom his­to­ric­kej hod­no­ty, keď­že mno­hé star­šie cin­to­rí­ny obsa­hu­jú náhrob­ky význam­ných osob­nos­tí, umel­cov ale­bo his­to­ric­kých postáv.

A ceme­te­ry is a pla­ce whe­re the dece­a­sed are buried. It is an impor­tant site in socie­ty whe­re res­pect­ful remem­bran­ce of the depar­ted is expres­sed, ref­lec­ting the cul­tu­re and tra­di­ti­ons rela­ted to death and fune­rals. Most ceme­te­ries con­tain gra­ves mar­ked by tomb­sto­nes or monu­ments that may inc­lu­de infor­ma­ti­on about the dece­a­sed, such as the­ir name, date of birth, and date of death. Vari­ous deco­ra­ti­ons, flo­wers, and other sym­bols may be pla­ced around the graves.

The­re are dif­fe­rent types of ceme­te­ries, inc­lu­ding pub­lic and pri­va­te, reli­gi­ous and secu­lar. Some cul­tu­res have tra­di­ti­onal ritu­als asso­cia­ted with visi­ting ceme­te­ries, espe­cial­ly on spe­ci­fic days of the year dedi­ca­ted to remem­be­ring the dece­a­sed. Ceme­te­ries can also be pla­ces of his­to­ri­cal value, as many older ceme­te­ries fea­tu­re tomb­sto­nes of sig­ni­fi­cant indi­vi­du­als, artists, or his­to­ri­cal figures.

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2006-2010, 2010, 2011, 2011-2015, Časová línia, Horehronie, Krajina, Slovenská krajina, TOP

Horehronie

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Regi­ón je v súčas­nos­ti okres Ban­ská Bys­tri­ca a Brez­no. Nachá­dza sa v stre­de Slo­ven­ska, od pra­me­ňa Hro­na až po Hron­sek. Oby­va­te­lia Horeh­ro­nia si zacho­va­li mno­hé prv­ky ľudo­vých tra­dí­cií vo svo­jom spô­so­be živo­ta a v jeho kaž­do­den­nom pre­ja­ve. Cen­trom je Ban­ská Bys­tri­ca. V minu­los­ti sa na Horeh­ro­ní ťaži­lo strieb­ro a meď. Regi­ón posky­tu­je mož­nos­ti špor­to­vé­ho vyži­tia, turis­ti­ky, agro­tu­riz­mu. Hron je naj­vy­hľa­dá­va­nej­šou rie­kou na splav u nás, pre­to­že nemá veľa tech­nic­kých pre­ká­žok (horeh​ro​nie​.com). Súčas­ťou Horeh­ro­nia sú dva národ­né par­ky: Níz­ke Tat­ry a Murán­ska pla­ni­na (Wiki­pe­dia). V minu­los­ti bol ten­to regi­ón Slo­ven­ska naj­ne­skôr osídľovaný.

The regi­on is cur­ren­tly the dis­trict of Ban­ská Bys­tri­ca and Brez­no. It is loca­ted in the cen­ter of Slo­va­kia, from the sour­ce of the Hron River to Hron­sek. The inha­bi­tants of Horeh­ro­nie have pre­ser­ved many ele­ments of folk tra­di­ti­ons in the­ir way of life and dai­ly expres­si­on. The cen­ter is Ban­ská Bys­tri­ca. In the past, sil­ver and cop­per were mined in Horeh­ro­nie. The regi­on offers oppor­tu­ni­ties for sports, tou­rism, and agro­tou­rism. The Hron River is the most sought-​after river for raf­ting in Slo­va­kia becau­se it does not have many tech­ni­cal obstac­les (horeh​ro​nie​.com). Horeh­ro­nie inc­lu­des two nati­onal parks: Low Tatras and Murán­ska Pla­ni­na (Wiki­pe­dia). In the past, this regi­on of Slo­va­kia was sett­led rela­ti­ve­ly late.

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2006-2010, 2009, Časová línia, Krajina, Mestá, Taliansko, TOP, Typ krajiny, Zahraničie

Taliansko

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Kra­ji­na v tva­re čiž­my, kto­rá vychá­dza z kon­ti­nen­tu a z ostat­ných strán je obklo­pe­ná Stre­do­zem­ným morom. Talian­sko má sláv­nu his­tó­riu, kto by nepoz­nal sta­ro­ve­ký Rím, obdo­bie anti­ky, Nera, Mar­ca Aure­lia, Cézara?

V Talian­sku žije viac ako 60 mili­ó­nov oby­va­te­ľov na plo­che 301 230 km2. Má nie­koľ­ko ostro­vov: Síci­liu, Sar­dí­niu, Elbu, Cap­ri, Tre­mi­ti a Ischiu (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Väč­ši­na Talian­ska je Ape­nin­ským polo­os­tro­vom. Na seve­re sa vypí­na­jú Alpy, na hra­ni­ciach s Fran­cúz­skom je naj­vyš­ší vrch Euró­py Mont Blanc. Cez polo­os­trov sa tiah­nu Ape­ni­ny. Na ostro­voch sú čin­né sop­ky Vezuv, Etna, Strom­bo­li (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Pomer­ne veľ­ké zastú­pe­nie majú národ­nos­ti okrem domá­cej, kto­rá tvo­rí tak­mer 93 % popu­lá­cie. A to naj­mä rumu­ni, seve­ro­af­ri­ča­nia, albán­ci, čína­nia, ukra­jin­ci. Veľ­ké mes­tá Talian­ska: Rím (Rome), Milá­no (Milan), Neapol, Turín, Paler­mo, Janov (Genoa), Bolog­na, Flo­ren­cia, Bari, Cata­nia, Benát­ky (Veni­ce), Vero­na, Mes­si­na, Pado­va (Padua) (Wiki­pe­dia ENG). Regi­ó­ny Talian­ska: Abruz­zo, Basi­li­ca­ta, Kaláb­ria, Cam­pa­nia, Emi­lia Romag­na, Friu­li Vene­zia Giu­lia, Lazio, Ligu­ria, Lom­bar­dia, Mar­che, Moli­se, Pie­mon­te, Pug­lia, Sar­dí­nia, Sicí­lia, Tos­kán­sko, Tren­ti­no – Alto Adi­ge, Umbria, Val­le d‘Aousta, Vené­cia (dovo​len​ka​ta​lian​sko​.sk). Rím je síd­lom pápe­ža. Veľ­mi zná­ma je veta: ​“Všet­ky ces­ty vedú do Ríma”.

V sta­ro­ve­ku na úze­mí Talian­ska exis­to­va­li mest­ské štá­ty čias­toč­ne zalo­že­ných na gréc­kej kolo­ni­zá­cii a etrus­ké mes­tá. V 8. sto­ro­čí vzni­kol Rím, kto­rý zažil veľ­kú slá­vu a tešil sa jej viac ako tisíc rokov. Zani­kol v roku 476 (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). V sta­ro­ve­ku (264 – 144 pred n. l.) počas pún­skym vojen Féni­ča­nia z Kar­tá­ga bojo­va­li pro­ti Rima­nom. V rokoch 73 – 71 pred n. l. pre­beh­lo Spar­ta­ko­ve povs­ta­nie. Spar­ta­kus bol gla­diá­tor (Pet­ra Sur­mo­vá). 

Nie­kto­rí zo sláv­nych vlád­cov Ríma: Augus­tus, Tibe­rius, Cali­gu­la, Clau­dius, Nero, Vitel­lius, Ves­pa­sian, Titus, Ner­va, Tra­jan, Had­rian, Anto­ni­nus Pius, Lucius Verus, Mar­cus Aure­lius, Com­mo­dus, Per­ti­nax, Sep­ti­mus Seve­rus, Vale­rian, Gal­lie­nus, Quin­til­lus, Taci­tus, Flo­ria­nus, Dioc­le­tian, Fla­vius Vale­rius Seve­rus, Lici­nius, The­odo­sius, Romu­lus Augus­tu­lus (List of Roman empe­rors). Zná­mi hudob­ní skla­da­te­lia: Gia­co­mo Puc­ci­ni, Clau­dio Mon­te­ver­di, Arcan­ge­lo Corel­li, Anto­nio Vival­di, Gioac­chi­no Ros­si­ni, Nico­lo Paga­ni­ni, Giu­sep­pe Ver­di, Gae­ota­no Doni­zet­ti. Zná­mi malia­ri: Miche­lan­ge­lo, Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Dona­tel­lo, Bot­ti­cel­li, Cara­vag­gio, Titian, Rap­ha­el, spi­so­va­te­lia: Dan­te Alig­hie­ri, Giovan­ni Boc­cac­cio, Torqu­ato Tas­so, filo­zo­fo­via: Gior­da­no Bru­no, Nic­co­lo Machia­vel­li, fil­má­ri: Vit­to­rio De Sica, Fede­ri­co Fel­li­ni, Pier Paolo Paso­li­ni, Luchi­no Vis­con­ti, Miche­lan­ge­lo Anto­ni­oni, Ser­gio Leone, ved­ci: Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Gali­leo Gali­lei, Enri­co Fer­mi, Giovan­ni Dome­ni­co Cas­si­ni, Ales­san­dro Vol­ta, Leonar­do Pisa­no Fibo­nac­ci, Camil­lo Gol­gi, Gug­liel­mo Mar­co­ni (Wiki­pe­dia ENG).

Sve­to­zná­me sú mód­ne znač­ky Guc­ci, Pra­da, Ver­sa­ce, Valen­ti­no, Arma­ni (world​cat​.org), Benet­ton (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá), ape­ri­tí­vy: Cin­za­no, Mar­ti­ni, Cam­pa­ri, syry: moz­za­rel­la, gor­gon­zo­la, par­mi­gia­no, (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá), fut­ba­lo­vé klu­by: Juven­tus Turín, AC Milá­no, Lazio Rím, Inter Milá­no, AC Par­ma, SSC Neapol.

Ita­ly, sha­ped like a boot, extends from the con­ti­nent and is sur­roun­ded by the Medi­ter­ra­ne­an Sea. Ita­ly boasts a rich his­to­ry, with the reno­wned ancient Rome, the anti­qu­ity peri­od, and ico­nic figu­res like Nero, Mar­cus Aure­lius, and Caesar.

With a popu­la­ti­on exce­e­ding 60 mil­li­on across 301,230 km², Ita­ly inc­lu­des seve­ral islands such as Sici­ly, Sar­di­nia, Elba, Cap­ri, Tre­mi­ti, and Ischia (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). The majo­ri­ty of Ita­ly is the Apen­ni­ne Penin­su­la. The Alps rise to the north, with Mont Blanc, Euro­pe­’s hig­hest peak, bor­de­ring Fran­ce. The Apen­ni­nes stretch across the penin­su­la. Acti­ve vol­ca­no­es, inc­lu­ding Vesu­vius, Etna, and Strom­bo­li, are found on the islands (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Apart from the pre­do­mi­nan­tly nati­ve popu­la­ti­on, making up almost 93%, Ita­ly hosts diver­se nati­ona­li­ties like Roma­nians, North Afri­cans, Alba­nians, Chi­ne­se, and Ukrai­nians. Major cities inc­lu­de Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Paler­mo, Genoa, Bolog­na, Flo­ren­ce, Bari, Cata­nia, Veni­ce, Vero­na, Mes­si­na, and Padua (Wiki­pe­dia ENG). Regi­ons in Ita­ly encom­pass Abruz­zo, Basi­li­ca­ta, Calab­ria, Cam­pa­nia, Emi­lia Romag­na, Friu­li Vene­zia Giu­lia, Lazio, Ligu­ria, Lom­bar­dy, Mar­che, Moli­se, Pied­mont, Pug­lia, Sar­di­nia, Sici­ly, Tus­ca­ny, Tren­ti­no – Alto Adi­ge, Umbria, Val­le d’A­os­ta, and Vene­to (dovo​len​ka​ta​lian​sko​.sk). Rome ser­ves as the papal resi­den­ce, and the famous say­ing goes, ​“All roads lead to Rome.”

In ancient times, Ita­ly was home to city-​states part­ly foun­ded on Gre­ek colo­ni­za­ti­on and Etrus­can cities. Rome emer­ged in the 8th cen­tu­ry, expe­rien­cing gran­de­ur for over a mil­len­nium befo­re its dec­li­ne in 476 (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). In the ancient era (264 – 144 BC), during the Punic Wars, the Pho­eni­cians from Cart­ha­ge fought against the Romans. The Spar­ta­cus upri­sing occur­red bet­we­en 73 – 71 BC, led by the gla­dia­tor Spar­ta­cus (Pet­ra Surmová).

Some notab­le Roman rulers inc­lu­de Augus­tus, Tibe­rius, Cali­gu­la, Clau­dius, Nero, Ves­pa­sian, Titus, Tra­jan, Had­rian, Mar­cus Aure­lius, and Com­mo­dus, among others (List of Roman empe­rors). Reno­wned com­po­sers from Ita­ly inc­lu­de Gia­co­mo Puc­ci­ni, Clau­dio Mon­te­ver­di, Anto­nio Vival­di, and Giu­sep­pe Ver­di. The coun­try has pro­du­ced celeb­ra­ted artists like Miche­lan­ge­lo, Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Bot­ti­cel­li, and Cara­vag­gio, and famous wri­ters such as Dan­te Alig­hie­ri and Giovan­ni Boc­cac­cio. Notab­le phi­lo­sop­hers inc­lu­de Gior­da­no Bru­no and Nic­co­lo Machia­vel­li. In cine­ma, Ita­ly boasts direc­tors like Fede­ri­co Fel­li­ni and Ser­gio Leone. The coun­try has pro­du­ced influ­en­tial scien­tists, inc­lu­ding Gali­leo Gali­lei and Enri­co Fer­mi (Wiki­pe­dia ENG).

Ita­ly is home to world-​famous fas­hi­on brands like Guc­ci, Pra­da, Ver­sa­ce, Valen­ti­no, Arma­ni, and Benet­ton (world​cat​.org). Ico­nic ape­ri­tifs like Cin­za­no, Mar­ti­ni, and Cam­pa­ri, as well as che­e­ses like moz­za­rel­la, gor­gon­zo­la, and par­mi­gia­no, have gai­ned glo­bal recog­ni­ti­on (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá). Foot­ball clubs like Juven­tus Turin, AC Milan, Lazio Rome, Inter Milan, AC Par­ma, and SSC Naples are pro­mi­nent in Ita­lian sports.

Itá­lie, una ter­ra a for­ma di sti­va­le che spor­ge dal con­ti­nen­te e che da ogni altra par­te è cir­con­da­ta dal Mar Medi­ter­ra­neo. L’I­ta­lia van­ta una sto­ria illus­tre, chi non conos­ce l’an­ti­ca Roma, il peri­odo del­l’an­ti­chi­tà, Ner­va, Mar­co Aure­lio, Cesare?

In Ita­lia vivo­no più di 60 mili­oni di abi­tan­ti su una super­fi­cie di 301.230 km². Ha diver­se iso­le: la Sici­lia, la Sar­deg­na, l’El­ba, Cap­ri, le Tre­mi­ti e Ischia (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). La mag­gi­or par­te del­l’I­ta­lia è cos­ti­tu­ita dal­la peni­so­la appen­ni­ni­ca. A nord si ergo­no le Alpi, con il Mon­te Bian­co che seg­na il con­fi­ne con la Fran­cia. Att­ra­ver­so la peni­so­la si esten­do­no gli Appen­ni­ni. Sul­le iso­le ci sono vul­ca­ni atti­vi come il Vesu­vio, l’Et­na, lo Strom­bo­li (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Le nazi­ona­li­tà han­no una rapp­re­sen­tan­za piut­tos­to ampia, oltre alla popo­la­zi­one loca­le che cos­ti­tu­is­ce quasi il 93% del­la popo­la­zi­one. Ques­te inc­lu­do­no rume­ni, nor­daf­ri­ca­ni, alba­ne­si, cine­si, ucrai­ni. Le gran­di cit­tà d’I­ta­lia inc­lu­do­no Roma (Rome), Mila­no (Mila­no), Napo­li, Tori­no, Paler­mo, Geno­va (Genoa), Bolog­na, Firen­ze, Bari, Cata­nia, Vene­zia (Veni­ce), Vero­na, Mes­si­na, Pado­va (Padua) (Wiki­pe­dia ENG). Le regi­oni ita­lia­ne inc­lu­do­no l’Ab­ruz­zo, la Basi­li­ca­ta, la Calab­ria, la Cam­pa­nia, l’E­mi­lia Romag­na, il Friu­li Vene­zia Giu­lia, il Lazio, la Ligu­ria, la Lom­bar­dia, le Mar­che, il Moli­se, il Pie­mon­te, la Pug­lia, la Sar­deg­na, la Sici­lia, la Tos­ca­na, il Tren­ti­no – Alto Adi­ge, l’Um­bria, la Val­le d’A­os­ta, il Vene­to (dovo​len​ka​ta​lian​sko​.sk). Roma è la sede del Papa. Mol­to nota è la fra­se: ​“Tut­te le stra­de por­ta­no a Roma”.

Nel­l’an­ti­chi­tà, sul ter­ri­to­rio ita­lia­no, esis­te­va­no città-​stato par­zial­men­te fon­da­te sul­la colo­niz­za­zi­one gre­ca e sul­le cit­tà etrus­che. Nel VIII seco­lo si for­mò Roma, che vis­se una gran­de glo­ria per più di mil­le anni e scom­par­ve nel 476 (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Nel­l’an­ti­chi­tà (264 – 144 a.C.) duran­te le guer­re puni­che i Feni­ci di Car­ta­gi­ne com­bat­te­ro­no con­tro i Roma­ni. Neg­li anni 73 – 71 a.C. si veri­fi­cò la rivol­ta di Spar­ta­co. Spar­ta­co era un gla­dia­to­re (Pet­ra Surmová).

Alcu­ni dei famo­si gover­nan­ti di Roma inc­lu­do­no Augus­to, Tibe­rio, Cali­go­la, Clau­dio, Nero­ne, Ves­pa­sia­no, Tito, Traia­no, Adria­no, Anto­ni­no Pio, Lucio Vero, Mar­co Aure­lio, Com­mo­do, Per­ti­na­ce, Set­ti­mio Seve­ro, Vale­ria­no, Gal­lie­no, Quin­til­lo, Taci­to, Flo­ria­no, Dioc­le­zia­no, Fla­vio Vale­rio Seve­ro, Lici­nio, Teodo­sio, Romo­lo Augus­to (List of Roman empe­rors). Famo­si com­po­si­to­ri musi­ca­li ita­lia­ni inc­lu­do­no Gia­co­mo Puc­ci­ni, Clau­dio Mon­te­ver­di, Arcan­ge­lo Corel­li, Anto­nio Vival­di, Gioachi­no Ros­si­ni, Nic­co­lò Paga­ni­ni, Giu­sep­pe Ver­di, Gae­ta­no Doni­zet­ti. Artis­ti famo­si inc­lu­do­no Miche­lan­ge­lo, Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Dona­tel­lo, Bot­ti­cel­li, Cara­vag­gio, Tizia­no, Raf­fa­el­lo, scrit­to­ri come Dan­te Alig­hie­ri, Giovan­ni Boc­cac­cio, Torqu­ato Tas­so, filo­so­fi come Gior­da­no Bru­no, Nic­co­lò Machia­vel­li, regis­ti come Vit­to­rio De Sica, Fede­ri­co Fel­li­ni, Pier Paolo Paso­li­ni, Luchi­no Vis­con­ti, Miche­lan­ge­lo Anto­ni­oni, Ser­gio Leone, scien­zia­ti come Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Gali­leo Gali­lei, Enri­co Fer­mi, Giovan­ni Dome­ni­co Cas­si­ni, Ales­san­dro Vol­ta, Leonar­do Pisa­no Fibo­nac­ci, Camil­lo Gol­gi, Gug­liel­mo Mar­co­ni (Wiki­pe­dia ENG).

Sono famo­se in tut­to il mon­do mar­che di moda come Guc­ci, Pra­da, Ver­sa­ce, Valen­ti­no, Arma­ni (world​cat​.org), Benet­ton (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá), ape­ri­ti­vi come Cin­za­no, Mar­ti­ni, Cam­pa­ri, for­mag­gi come moz­za­rel­la, gor­gon­zo­la, par­mi­gia­no (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá), e squ­ad­re di cal­cio come la Juven­tus di Tori­no, l’AC Mila­no, la Lazio di Roma, l’In­ter Mila­no, l’AC Par­ma, il SSC Napoli.

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