2006-2010, 2009, Časová línia, Krajina, Mestá, Taliansko, TOP, Typ krajiny, Zahraničie

Taliansko

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Kra­ji­na v tva­re čiž­my, kto­rá vychá­dza z kon­ti­nen­tu a z ostat­ných strán je obklo­pe­ná Stre­do­zem­ným morom. Talian­sko má sláv­nu his­tó­riu, kto by nepoz­nal sta­ro­ve­ký Rím, obdo­bie anti­ky, Nera, Mar­ca Aure­lia, Cézara?

V Talian­sku žije viac ako 60 mili­ó­nov oby­va­te­ľov na plo­che 301 230 km2. Má nie­koľ­ko ostro­vov: Síci­liu, Sar­dí­niu, Elbu, Cap­ri, Tre­mi­ti a Ischiu (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Väč­ši­na Talian­ska je Ape­nin­ským polo­os­tro­vom. Na seve­re sa vypí­na­jú Alpy, na hra­ni­ciach s Fran­cúz­skom je naj­vyš­ší vrch Euró­py Mont Blanc. Cez polo­os­trov sa tiah­nu Ape­ni­ny. Na ostro­voch sú čin­né sop­ky Vezuv, Etna, Strom­bo­li (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Pomer­ne veľ­ké zastú­pe­nie majú národ­nos­ti okrem domá­cej, kto­rá tvo­rí tak­mer 93 % popu­lá­cie. A to naj­mä rumu­ni, seve­ro­af­ri­ča­nia, albán­ci, čína­nia, ukra­jin­ci. Veľ­ké mes­tá Talian­ska: Rím (Rome), Milá­no (Milan), Neapol, Turín, Paler­mo, Janov (Genoa), Bolog­na, Flo­ren­cia, Bari, Cata­nia, Benát­ky (Veni­ce), Vero­na, Mes­si­na, Pado­va (Padua) (Wiki­pe­dia ENG). Regi­ó­ny Talian­ska: Abruz­zo, Basi­li­ca­ta, Kaláb­ria, Cam­pa­nia, Emi­lia Romag­na, Friu­li Vene­zia Giu­lia, Lazio, Ligu­ria, Lom­bar­dia, Mar­che, Moli­se, Pie­mon­te, Pug­lia, Sar­dí­nia, Sicí­lia, Tos­kán­sko, Tren­ti­no – Alto Adi­ge, Umbria, Val­le d‘Aousta, Vené­cia (dovo​len​ka​ta​lian​sko​.sk). Rím je síd­lom pápe­ža. Veľ­mi zná­ma je veta: Všet­ky ces­ty vedú do Ríma”.

V sta­ro­ve­ku na úze­mí Talian­ska exis­to­va­li mest­ské štá­ty čias­toč­ne zalo­že­ných na gréc­kej kolo­ni­zá­cii a etrus­ké mes­tá. V 8. sto­ro­čí vzni­kol Rím, kto­rý zažil veľ­kú slá­vu a tešil sa jej viac ako tisíc rokov. Zani­kol v roku 476 (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). V sta­ro­ve­ku (264144 pred n. l.) počas pún­skym vojen Féni­ča­nia z Kar­tá­ga bojo­va­li pro­ti Rima­nom. V rokoch 7371 pred n. l. pre­beh­lo Spar­ta­ko­ve povs­ta­nie. Spar­ta­kus bol gla­diá­tor (Pet­ra Sur­mo­vá). 

Nie­kto­rí zo sláv­nych vlád­cov Ríma: Augus­tus, Tibe­rius, Cali­gu­la, Clau­dius, Nero, Vitel­lius, Ves­pa­sian, Titus, Ner­va, Tra­jan, Had­rian, Anto­ni­nus Pius, Lucius Verus, Mar­cus Aure­lius, Com­mo­dus, Per­ti­nax, Sep­ti­mus Seve­rus, Vale­rian, Gal­lie­nus, Quin­til­lus, Taci­tus, Flo­ria­nus, Dioc­le­tian, Fla­vius Vale­rius Seve­rus, Lici­nius, The­odo­sius, Romu­lus Augus­tu­lus (List of Roman empe­rors). Zná­mi hudob­ní skla­da­te­lia: Gia­co­mo Puc­ci­ni, Clau­dio Mon­te­ver­di, Arcan­ge­lo Corel­li, Anto­nio Vival­di, Gioac­chi­no Ros­si­ni, Nico­lo Paga­ni­ni, Giu­sep­pe Ver­di, Gae­ota­no Doni­zet­ti. Zná­mi malia­ri: Miche­lan­ge­lo, Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Dona­tel­lo, Bot­ti­cel­li, Cara­vag­gio, Titian, Rap­ha­el, spi­so­va­te­lia: Dan­te Alig­hie­ri, Giovan­ni Boc­cac­cio, Torqu­ato Tas­so, filo­zo­fo­via: Gior­da­no Bru­no, Nic­co­lo Machia­vel­li, fil­má­ri: Vit­to­rio De Sica, Fede­ri­co Fel­li­ni, Pier Paolo Paso­li­ni, Luchi­no Vis­con­ti, Miche­lan­ge­lo Anto­ni­oni, Ser­gio Leone, ved­ci: Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Gali­leo Gali­lei, Enri­co Fer­mi, Giovan­ni Dome­ni­co Cas­si­ni, Ales­san­dro Vol­ta, Leonar­do Pisa­no Fibo­nac­ci, Camil­lo Gol­gi, Gug­liel­mo Mar­co­ni (Wiki­pe­dia ENG).

Sve­to­zná­me sú mód­ne znač­ky Guc­ci, Pra­da, Ver­sa­ce, Valen­ti­no, Arma­ni (world​cat​.org), Benet­ton (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá), ape­ri­tí­vy: Cin­za­no, Mar­ti­ni, Cam­pa­ri, syry: moz­za­rel­la, gor­gon­zo­la, par­mi­gia­no, (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá), fut­ba­lo­vé klu­by: Juven­tus Turín, AC Milá­no, Lazio Rím, Inter Milá­no, AC Par­ma, SSC Neapol.


Ita­ly, sha­ped like a boot, extends from the con­ti­nent and is sur­roun­ded by the Medi­ter­ra­ne­an Sea. Ita­ly boasts a rich his­to­ry, with the reno­wned ancient Rome, the anti­qu­ity peri­od, and ico­nic figu­res like Nero, Mar­cus Aure­lius, and Caesar.

With a popu­la­ti­on exce­e­ding 60 mil­li­on across 301,230 km², Ita­ly inc­lu­des seve­ral islands such as Sici­ly, Sar­di­nia, Elba, Cap­ri, Tre­mi­ti, and Ischia (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). The majo­ri­ty of Ita­ly is the Apen­ni­ne Penin­su­la. The Alps rise to the north, with Mont Blanc, Euro­pe­’s hig­hest peak, bor­de­ring Fran­ce. The Apen­ni­nes stretch across the penin­su­la. Acti­ve vol­ca­no­es, inc­lu­ding Vesu­vius, Etna, and Strom­bo­li, are found on the islands (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Apart from the pre­do­mi­nan­tly nati­ve popu­la­ti­on, making up almost 93%, Ita­ly hosts diver­se nati­ona­li­ties like Roma­nians, North Afri­cans, Alba­nians, Chi­ne­se, and Ukrai­nians. Major cities inc­lu­de Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Paler­mo, Genoa, Bolog­na, Flo­ren­ce, Bari, Cata­nia, Veni­ce, Vero­na, Mes­si­na, and Padua (Wiki­pe­dia ENG). Regi­ons in Ita­ly encom­pass Abruz­zo, Basi­li­ca­ta, Calab­ria, Cam­pa­nia, Emi­lia Romag­na, Friu­li Vene­zia Giu­lia, Lazio, Ligu­ria, Lom­bar­dy, Mar­che, Moli­se, Pied­mont, Pug­lia, Sar­di­nia, Sici­ly, Tus­ca­ny, Tren­ti­no – Alto Adi­ge, Umbria, Val­le d’A­os­ta, and Vene­to (dovo​len​ka​ta​lian​sko​.sk). Rome ser­ves as the papal resi­den­ce, and the famous say­ing goes, All roads lead to Rome.”

In ancient times, Ita­ly was home to city-​states part­ly foun­ded on Gre­ek colo­ni­za­ti­on and Etrus­can cities. Rome emer­ged in the 8th cen­tu­ry, expe­rien­cing gran­de­ur for over a mil­len­nium befo­re its dec­li­ne in 476 (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). In the ancient era (264144 BC), during the Punic Wars, the Pho­eni­cians from Cart­ha­ge fought against the Romans. The Spar­ta­cus upri­sing occur­red bet­we­en 7371 BC, led by the gla­dia­tor Spar­ta­cus (Pet­ra Surmová).

Some notab­le Roman rulers inc­lu­de Augus­tus, Tibe­rius, Cali­gu­la, Clau­dius, Nero, Ves­pa­sian, Titus, Tra­jan, Had­rian, Mar­cus Aure­lius, and Com­mo­dus, among others (List of Roman empe­rors). Reno­wned com­po­sers from Ita­ly inc­lu­de Gia­co­mo Puc­ci­ni, Clau­dio Mon­te­ver­di, Anto­nio Vival­di, and Giu­sep­pe Ver­di. The coun­try has pro­du­ced celeb­ra­ted artists like Miche­lan­ge­lo, Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Bot­ti­cel­li, and Cara­vag­gio, and famous wri­ters such as Dan­te Alig­hie­ri and Giovan­ni Boc­cac­cio. Notab­le phi­lo­sop­hers inc­lu­de Gior­da­no Bru­no and Nic­co­lo Machia­vel­li. In cine­ma, Ita­ly boasts direc­tors like Fede­ri­co Fel­li­ni and Ser­gio Leone. The coun­try has pro­du­ced influ­en­tial scien­tists, inc­lu­ding Gali­leo Gali­lei and Enri­co Fer­mi (Wiki­pe­dia ENG).

Ita­ly is home to world-​famous fas­hi­on brands like Guc­ci, Pra­da, Ver­sa­ce, Valen­ti­no, Arma­ni, and Benet­ton (world​cat​.org). Ico­nic ape­ri­tifs like Cin­za­no, Mar­ti­ni, and Cam­pa­ri, as well as che­e­ses like moz­za­rel­la, gor­gon­zo­la, and par­mi­gia­no, have gai­ned glo­bal recog­ni­ti­on (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá). Foot­ball clubs like Juven­tus Turin, AC Milan, Lazio Rome, Inter Milan, AC Par­ma, and SSC Naples are pro­mi­nent in Ita­lian sports.


Itá­lie, una ter­ra a for­ma di sti­va­le che spor­ge dal con­ti­nen­te e che da ogni altra par­te è cir­con­da­ta dal Mar Medi­ter­ra­neo. L’I­ta­lia van­ta una sto­ria illus­tre, chi non conos­ce l’an­ti­ca Roma, il peri­odo del­l’an­ti­chi­tà, Ner­va, Mar­co Aure­lio, Cesare?

In Ita­lia vivo­no più di 60 mili­oni di abi­tan­ti su una super­fi­cie di 301.230 km². Ha diver­se iso­le: la Sici­lia, la Sar­deg­na, l’El­ba, Cap­ri, le Tre­mi­ti e Ischia (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). La mag­gi­or par­te del­l’I­ta­lia è cos­ti­tu­ita dal­la peni­so­la appen­ni­ni­ca. A nord si ergo­no le Alpi, con il Mon­te Bian­co che seg­na il con­fi­ne con la Fran­cia. Att­ra­ver­so la peni­so­la si esten­do­no gli Appen­ni­ni. Sul­le iso­le ci sono vul­ca­ni atti­vi come il Vesu­vio, l’Et­na, lo Strom­bo­li (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Le nazi­ona­li­tà han­no una rapp­re­sen­tan­za piut­tos­to ampia, oltre alla popo­la­zi­one loca­le che cos­ti­tu­is­ce quasi il 93% del­la popo­la­zi­one. Ques­te inc­lu­do­no rume­ni, nor­daf­ri­ca­ni, alba­ne­si, cine­si, ucrai­ni. Le gran­di cit­tà d’I­ta­lia inc­lu­do­no Roma (Rome), Mila­no (Mila­no), Napo­li, Tori­no, Paler­mo, Geno­va (Genoa), Bolog­na, Firen­ze, Bari, Cata­nia, Vene­zia (Veni­ce), Vero­na, Mes­si­na, Pado­va (Padua) (Wiki­pe­dia ENG). Le regi­oni ita­lia­ne inc­lu­do­no l’Ab­ruz­zo, la Basi­li­ca­ta, la Calab­ria, la Cam­pa­nia, l’E­mi­lia Romag­na, il Friu­li Vene­zia Giu­lia, il Lazio, la Ligu­ria, la Lom­bar­dia, le Mar­che, il Moli­se, il Pie­mon­te, la Pug­lia, la Sar­deg­na, la Sici­lia, la Tos­ca­na, il Tren­ti­no – Alto Adi­ge, l’Um­bria, la Val­le d’A­os­ta, il Vene­to (dovo​len​ka​ta​lian​sko​.sk). Roma è la sede del Papa. Mol­to nota è la fra­se: Tut­te le stra­de por­ta­no a Roma”.

Nel­l’an­ti­chi­tà, sul ter­ri­to­rio ita­lia­no, esis­te­va­no città-​stato par­zial­men­te fon­da­te sul­la colo­niz­za­zi­one gre­ca e sul­le cit­tà etrus­che. Nel VIII seco­lo si for­mò Roma, che vis­se una gran­de glo­ria per più di mil­le anni e scom­par­ve nel 476 (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Nel­l’an­ti­chi­tà (264144 a.C.) duran­te le guer­re puni­che i Feni­ci di Car­ta­gi­ne com­bat­te­ro­no con­tro i Roma­ni. Neg­li anni 7371 a.C. si veri­fi­cò la rivol­ta di Spar­ta­co. Spar­ta­co era un gla­dia­to­re (Pet­ra Surmová).

Alcu­ni dei famo­si gover­nan­ti di Roma inc­lu­do­no Augus­to, Tibe­rio, Cali­go­la, Clau­dio, Nero­ne, Ves­pa­sia­no, Tito, Traia­no, Adria­no, Anto­ni­no Pio, Lucio Vero, Mar­co Aure­lio, Com­mo­do, Per­ti­na­ce, Set­ti­mio Seve­ro, Vale­ria­no, Gal­lie­no, Quin­til­lo, Taci­to, Flo­ria­no, Dioc­le­zia­no, Fla­vio Vale­rio Seve­ro, Lici­nio, Teodo­sio, Romo­lo Augus­to (List of Roman empe­rors). Famo­si com­po­si­to­ri musi­ca­li ita­lia­ni inc­lu­do­no Gia­co­mo Puc­ci­ni, Clau­dio Mon­te­ver­di, Arcan­ge­lo Corel­li, Anto­nio Vival­di, Gioachi­no Ros­si­ni, Nic­co­lò Paga­ni­ni, Giu­sep­pe Ver­di, Gae­ta­no Doni­zet­ti. Artis­ti famo­si inc­lu­do­no Miche­lan­ge­lo, Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Dona­tel­lo, Bot­ti­cel­li, Cara­vag­gio, Tizia­no, Raf­fa­el­lo, scrit­to­ri come Dan­te Alig­hie­ri, Giovan­ni Boc­cac­cio, Torqu­ato Tas­so, filo­so­fi come Gior­da­no Bru­no, Nic­co­lò Machia­vel­li, regis­ti come Vit­to­rio De Sica, Fede­ri­co Fel­li­ni, Pier Paolo Paso­li­ni, Luchi­no Vis­con­ti, Miche­lan­ge­lo Anto­ni­oni, Ser­gio Leone, scien­zia­ti come Leonar­do da Vin­ci, Gali­leo Gali­lei, Enri­co Fer­mi, Giovan­ni Dome­ni­co Cas­si­ni, Ales­san­dro Vol­ta, Leonar­do Pisa­no Fibo­nac­ci, Camil­lo Gol­gi, Gug­liel­mo Mar­co­ni (Wiki­pe­dia ENG).

Sono famo­se in tut­to il mon­do mar­che di moda come Guc­ci, Pra­da, Ver­sa­ce, Valen­ti­no, Arma­ni (world​cat​.org), Benet­ton (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá), ape­ri­ti­vi come Cin­za­no, Mar­ti­ni, Cam­pa­ri, for­mag­gi come moz­za­rel­la, gor­gon­zo­la, par­mi­gia­no (Dela­na Miko­lá­šo­vá), e squ­ad­re di cal­cio come la Juven­tus di Tori­no, l’AC Mila­no, la Lazio di Roma, l’In­ter Mila­no, l’AC Par­ma, il SSC Napoli.


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Hudba

Hudba

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Hud­ba je ume­lec­ký pre­jav vytvo­re­ný kom­bi­ná­ci­ou zvu­kov, meló­dií a ryt­mov. Môže byť vyko­ná­va­ná pomo­cou rôz­nych hudob­ných nástro­jov ale­bo vokál­nych tech­ník. Hud­ba má schop­nosť vyvo­lá­vať emó­cie, pre­ná­šať prí­be­hy a pôso­biť na poslu­chá­čov. Exis­tu­je mno­ho hudob­ných žán­rov a štý­lov, kto­ré sa líšia pod­ľa kul­túr­nych, his­to­ric­kých a regi­onál­nych vply­vov. Hudob­ný pre­jav zahŕňa ovlá­da­nie hudob­ných nástro­jov, inter­pre­tá­ciu skla­dieb a schop­nosť komu­ni­ko­vať cez hud­bu. Pro­fe­si­onál­ni muzi­kan­ti sa čas­to špe­cia­li­zu­jú na urči­tý nástroj ale­bo hudob­ný žáner a môžu pôso­biť v rôz­nych kon­tex­toch, vrá­ta­ne sólo­vých vystú­pe­ní, sku­pi­no­vých zosku­pe­ní. Hud­ba a muzi­kant­ský pre­jav majú v kul­tú­re a spo­loč­nos­ti význam­né mies­to, posky­tu­júc for­mu seba­vy­jad­re­nia a spô­sob, ako ľudia komu­ni­ku­jú umenie.


Music is an artis­tic expres­si­on cre­a­ted through the com­bi­na­ti­on of sounds, melo­dies, and rhythms. It can be per­for­med using vari­ous musi­cal ins­tru­ments or vocal tech­ni­qu­es. Music has the abi­li­ty to evo­ke emo­ti­ons, con­vey sto­ries, and impact lis­te­ners. The­re are many musi­cal gen­res and sty­les that vary based on cul­tu­ral, his­to­ri­cal, and regi­onal influ­en­ces. Musi­cal expres­si­on invol­ves mas­te­ring musi­cal ins­tru­ments, inter­pre­ting com­po­si­ti­ons, and the abi­li­ty to com­mu­ni­ca­te through music. Pro­fes­si­onal musi­cians often spe­cia­li­ze in a par­ti­cu­lar ins­tru­ment or musi­cal gen­re and can per­form in vari­ous con­texts, inc­lu­ding solo per­for­man­ces and group ensem­bles. Music and musi­cal expres­si­on hold a sig­ni­fi­cant pla­ce in cul­tu­re and socie­ty, pro­vi­ding a form of self-​expression and a way for peop­le to com­mu­ni­ca­te through art.


His­tó­ria hudby

Vznik hud­by môže­me dato­vať na dobu, kedy sa člo­vek sna­žil napo­dob­ňo­vať hla­sy živo­čí­chov. Išlo tak zrej­me tro­chu o pod­ve­do­mý efekt, kedy člo­vek pri­šiel na meló­diu. Neve­ri­li by ste, koľ­ko rôz­nych tónov je v krát­kej – tre­bárs 0.5 sekun­do­vej sek­ven­cii spe­vu neja­ké­ho vtá­ka. Zmys­ly člo­ve­ka to nedo­ká­žu vní­mať uve­do­mo­va­ne – je to ako pri sle­do­va­ní fil­mu, kedy si tiež neuve­do­mu­je­me, že film, kto­rý sle­du­je­me je pos­kla­da­ný zo sta­tic­kých obráz­kov, kto­ré idú rých­los­ťou 25 obráz­kov za sekun­du. Avšak mozog zrej­me evi­do­val tie­to meló­die a naučil postup­ne člo­ve­ka spievať.


His­to­ry of Music

The ori­gin of music can be tra­ced back to a time when humans attemp­ted to mimic the sounds of ani­mals. It was like­ly a some­what sub­con­sci­ous effect, whe­re humans dis­co­ve­red melo­dy. You would­n’t belie­ve how many dif­fe­rent tones are pre­sent in a short sequ­en­ce, such as a 0.5‑second sin­ging of a bird. Human sen­ses can­not con­sci­ous­ly per­ce­i­ve the­se tones, simi­lar to wat­ching a movie whe­re we don’t rea­li­ze that the film, which we are wat­ching, is com­po­sed of sta­tic ima­ges moving at a spe­ed of 25 fra­mes per second. Howe­ver, the brain like­ly regis­te­red the­se melo­dies and gra­du­al­ly taught humans to sing.


Ľudo­vá hudba

Ide zrej­me o naj­frek­ven­to­va­nej­šiu for­mu hud­by, aspoň pokiaľ ide o his­tó­riu. Bola to hud­ba oby­čaj­ne jed­no­du­chých ľudí, kto­rí si medzi sebou jed­not­li­vé diel­ka odo­vzdá­va­li počas mno­ho gene­rá­cii. Ľudo­vá hud­ba v dneš­nej podo­be je už znač­ne vyumel­ko­va­ná ume­lec­ký­mi nástroj­mi. K ľudo­vej hud­be bez­po­chy­by pat­rí aj špe­ci­fic­ký odev – kroj a zvy­ky jed­not­li­vých oblas­tí. Na Slo­ven­sku vznik­lo mno­ho dife­ren­co­va­ných folk­lór­nych oblas­tí, v kto­rých je bohat­stvo náro­da.


Folk Music

It is argu­ab­ly the most pre­va­lent form of music, at least in terms of his­to­ry. Folk music was the music of ordi­na­ry peop­le, who pas­sed indi­vi­du­al pie­ces among them­sel­ves through many gene­ra­ti­ons. Con­tem­po­ra­ry folk music has beco­me quite sop­his­ti­ca­ted with artis­tic ins­tru­ments. Folk music undoub­ted­ly inc­lu­des spe­ci­fic atti­re – folk cos­tu­mes and cus­toms of vari­ous regi­ons. In Slo­va­kia, nume­rous diver­si­fied folk­lo­re regi­ons have emer­ged, ref­lec­ting the rich­ness of the nation.


Jed­ným zo zvlášť ume­lec­ky hod­not­ných poči­nov je pou­ži­tie hudob­ných motí­vov v muzi­kál­nej – inštru­men­tál­ne for­me. Spo­me­niem napr. na celom sve­te zná­mu sku­pi­nu Ber­ky­ho Mre­ni­cu. Dia­bol­ské hus­le hovo­ria za všet­ko. Ten­to súbor sa skve­le popa­so­val aj z die­la­mi maj­strov kla­sic­kej hud­by, ako boli Johann Sebas­tian Bach, Edvard Hage­rup Grieg, Johan­nes Brahms atď. Inou sku­pi­nou je zná­my maďar­ský orches­ter Buda­pešť, kto­rý má úcty­hod­né para­met­re. Ďal­šou sku­pi­nou je v pod­sta­te hard­roc­ko­vá seve­ro­mo­rav­ská sku­pi­na Fle­ret, kto­rá čias­toč­ne využí­va motí­vy ľudo­vej hud­by. Ďal­šou sku­pi­nou je Toč­ko­lo­toč, viac­me­nej zosku­pe­nie bra­tov Peš­tov­cov, kto­rí hra­jú veľ­mi muzikálne.


One of the par­ti­cu­lar­ly artis­ti­cal­ly valu­ab­le ende­a­vors is the use of musi­cal motifs in the musi­cal – ins­tru­men­tal form. For exam­ple, I will men­ti­on the glo­bal­ly reno­wned group Ber­ky­ho Mre­ni­ca. The devi­lish violins spe­ak for them­sel­ves. This ensem­ble has hand­led mas­ter­pie­ces of clas­si­cal music mas­ters such as Johann Sebas­tian Bach, Edvard Hage­rup Grieg, Johan­nes Brahms, and others excel­len­tly. Anot­her group is the famous Hun­ga­rian orches­tra Buda­pest, which boasts impres­si­ve para­me­ters. Yet anot­her group is the essen­tial­ly hard rock North Mora­vian band Fle­ret, which par­tial­ly incor­po­ra­tes motifs from folk music. Anot­her group is Toč­ko­lo­toč, more or less an assem­bly of the Peš­to brot­hers, who play very musically.


Kla­sic­ká hudba

Počiat­ky kla­sic­kej hud­by sia­ha­jú snáď do 15. sto­ro­čia. Mys­lím, že dru­há ope­ra v his­tó­rii bola Daph­ne. Naj­pom­péz­nej­šou for­mou kla­sic­kej – váž­nej hud­by je prá­ve ope­ra. Je to vlast­ne spe­voh­ra. V minu­los­ti hudob­ní skla­da­te­lia skla­da­li množ­stvo opier, ako sto­ro­čia ubie­ha­li, ich počet kle­sal. Dnes sa kom­po­nu­jú aj hyb­ri­dy ako roc­ko­vá ope­ra apod. Hudob­né die­la sa skla­da­li väč­ši­nou pre duchov­né úče­ly, postup­ne chrá­mo­vú hud­bu nahrá­dza svet­ská. Veli­kán­mi sve­to­vej hud­by boli napr. – Johann Sebas­tian Bach, Wolf­gang Ama­de­us Mozart, Ludwig van Beet­ho­ven, Peter Iljič Čaj­kov­skij, Hec­tor Ber­li­oz, Franz Schu­bert, Fre­de­ryk Cho­pin, Robert Schum­mann, Edvard Hage­rup Grieg, Anto­nio Vival­di, Gius­se­pe Ver­di, Gioaci­no Puc­ci­ni. Medzi naj­sláv­nej­šie die­la pat­rí Ver­di­ho Nabuc­co, Rigo­let­to, Tra­viat­ta, Mozar­to­va Figa­ro­va svad­ba, Don Giovan­ni, Requ­iem, Puc­ci­ni­ho Bar­bier zo Sevil­ly, Tos­ca, Vival­di­ho Šty­ri roč­né obdo­bia, Grie­gov Peer Gynt, Ber­li­ozo­va Fan­tas­tic­ká sym­fó­nia, Beet­ho­ve­no­va 9. sym­fó­nia Óda na radosť, Bacho­va Fúga A moll, Čaj­kov­ské­ho Labu­tie jaze­ro, Lus­ká­čik, Schu­ber­to­ve piesne …


Clas­si­cal Music

The begin­nings of clas­si­cal music date back to per­haps the 15th cen­tu­ry. I belie­ve the second ope­ra in his­to­ry was Daph­ne. The most pompous form of clas­si­cal – seri­ous music is, in fact, ope­ra. It is essen­tial­ly a musi­cal dra­ma. In the past, com­po­sers com­po­sed nume­rous ope­ras, but as cen­tu­ries pas­sed, the­ir num­ber dec­li­ned. Today, hyb­rids like rock ope­ras are also com­po­sed, and so on. Musi­cal works were most­ly com­po­sed for spi­ri­tu­al pur­po­ses, gra­du­al­ly repla­ced by secu­lar music. Giants of world music inc­lu­de, for exam­ple, Johann Sebas­tian Bach, Wolf­gang Ama­de­us Mozart, Ludwig van Beet­ho­ven, Peter Iljič Čaj­kov­skij, Hec­tor Ber­li­oz, Franz Schu­bert, Fre­de­ryk Cho­pin, Robert Schum­mann, Edvard Hage­rup Grieg, Anto­nio Vival­di, Gius­se­pe Ver­di, Gioaci­no Puc­ci­ni. Among the most famous works are Ver­di­’s Nabuc­co, Rigo­let­to, Tra­viat­ta, Mozar­t’s The Mar­ria­ge of Figa­ro, Don Giovan­ni, Requ­iem, Puc­ci­ni­’s The Bar­ber of Sevil­le, Tos­ca, Vival­di­’s The Four Sea­sons, Grie­g’s Peer Gynt, Ber­li­oz’s Symp­ho­nie fan­tas­ti­que, Beet­ho­ve­n’s 9th Symp­ho­ny Ode to Joy, Bach’s Fugue in A Minor, Tchai­kov­sky­’s Swan Lake, The Nutc­rac­ker, Schu­ber­t’s songs, and more.


Okrem ope­ry exis­tu­jú aj iné kla­sic­ké for­my hudob­ných diel, sym­fó­nie, ope­re­ty, suity, menu­e­ty, kon­cer­ty, pol­ky, mazur­ky, fúgy, balet, pies­ne, fil­har­mo­nic­ké die­la, die­la pre slá­či­ko­vé kvar­te­tá atď. Aj z kla­sic­kej hud­by čer­pa­li nie­kto­rí umel­ci z iných oblas­tí, resp. opač­ne. Napr. vyš­šie spo­mí­na­ný Ber­ky Mre­ni­ca, ďalej Vanes­sa Mae – kto­rá hrá Johan­na Sebas­tia­na Bacha – váž­ne aj v pop‑e. Ďal­šie prí­kla­dy: Apo­ca­lyp­ti­ca – fín­ske zosku­pe­nie hra­jú­ce reper­to­ár meta­lo­vej for­má­cie Metal­li­ca. Marián Var­ga, kto­rý naj­mä v zosku­pe­ní Col­le­gium Musi­cum na klá­ve­soch doslo­va čaru­je. Jeho Hom­ma­ge alla Bach, ale­bo napr. sklad­ba na motí­vy Kor­sa­ko­vo­vej Šehe­re­zá­dy, sú gran­di­óz­ne. Lon­dýn­sky sym­fo­nic­ký orches­ter zvyk­ne z času na čas vypro­du­ko­vať v pod­sta­te kla­sic­ké die­lo na motí­vy popu­lár­nej hud­by. Mys­lím, že je to sluš­né oce­ne­nie pre hudob­né tele­sá. Napr. z pro­duk­cie sku­pín ABBA, Jeth­ro Tull, Poli­ce. Málo­kto­rý ume­lec – skla­da­teľ doká­že kom­po­no­vať v rôz­nych žán­roch, tobôž nie v cel­kom odliš­ných sme­roch. Pau­lo­vi McCar­tne­y­mu sa to poda­ri­lo – ide o uni­kát­ny prí­pad, kedy skla­da­teľ sláv­nej roc­ko­vej sku­pi­ny Beat­les zlo­žil cel­kom úspeš­ne kla­sic­ké die­lo – mys­lím, že šlo dokon­ca o chrá­mo­vé sym­fo­nic­ké die­lo. Podob­né motí­vy ako v kla­sic­kej hud­be mož­no nájsť naj­mä v jaz­ze.


In addi­ti­on to ope­ra, the­re are also other clas­si­cal forms of musi­cal com­po­si­ti­ons, such as symp­ho­nies, ope­ret­tas, suites, minu­ets, con­cer­tos, pol­kas, mazur­kas, fugu­es, bal­lets, songs, phil­har­mo­nic works, com­po­si­ti­ons for string quar­tets, and so on. Some artists from other gen­res drew ins­pi­ra­ti­on from clas­si­cal music, and vice ver­sa. For exam­ple, the afo­re­men­ti­oned Ber­ky Mre­ni­ca, Vanes­sa Mae – who pla­ys Johann Sebas­tian Bach, both in clas­si­cal and pop music. Other exam­ples inc­lu­de Apo­ca­lyp­ti­ca, a Fin­nish group pla­y­ing the reper­to­ire of the metal band Metal­li­ca. Marian Var­ga, espe­cial­ly in the group Col­le­gium Musi­cum, cap­ti­va­tes with his key­bo­ard skills. His Hom­ma­ge alla Bach or com­po­si­ti­ons ins­pi­red by Rimsky-​Korsakov’s Sche­he­ra­za­de are mag­ni­fi­cent. The Lon­don Symp­ho­ny Orches­tra occa­si­onal­ly pro­du­ces essen­tial­ly clas­si­cal works based on popu­lar music the­mes. I think it’s a decent recog­ni­ti­on for musi­cal ensem­bles. For ins­tan­ce, pro­duc­ti­ons from groups like ABBA, Jeth­ro Tull, and The Poli­ce. Not many artists or com­po­sers can com­po­se in vari­ous gen­res, let alo­ne enti­re­ly dif­fe­rent direc­ti­ons. Paul McCar­tney achie­ved this – a uni­que case whe­re the com­po­ser of the famous rock group The Beat­les suc­cess­ful­ly com­po­sed a clas­si­cal work, even a symp­ho­nic work for the church. Simi­lar motifs to clas­si­cal music can be found, espe­cial­ly in jazz.


Nie­kto­ré kla­sic­ké die­la vyža­du­jú vyso­kú inštru­men­tál­nu zruč­nosť pri hra­ní na hudob­né nástro­je. Je cel­kom pocho­pi­teľ­né, že sami skla­da­te­lia ňou čas­to oplý­va­li. Za naj­väč­šie­ho kla­vír­ne­ho vir­tu­ó­za sa pokla­dá zrej­me Artur Rubins­te­in, za hus­ľo­vých vir­tu­ó­zov zase Sebas­tia­no Cor­rel­li, Anto­nio Vival­di, Nico­lo Paga­ni­ni. Ich veľ­kým obdi­vo­va­te­ľom a rov­na­ko skve­lým vir­tu­ó­zov bol aj rela­tív­ne nedáv­no zosnu­lý Yehu­di Menuhin.


V posled­nej dobe sa roz­trh­lo vre­ce s muzi­kál­mi. Ide o kom­bi­ná­ciu hud­bydivad­la. Vo sve­te sú naj­zná­mej­šie My Fair Lady, Hel­lo Dol­ly, Cho­rus Line, v našich kon­či­nách sú to Jesus Christ Supers­tar, Johan­ka z Arku, Dra­cu­la, Rusal­ka, Pomáda.


Some clas­si­cal works requ­ire high ins­tru­men­tal skill when pla­y­ed on musi­cal ins­tru­ments. It is quite unders­tan­dab­le that com­po­sers them­sel­ves often excel­led in this skill. Artur Rubins­te­in is con­si­de­red one of the gre­a­test pia­no vir­tu­osos, whi­le Sebas­tia­no Cor­rel­li, Anto­nio Vival­di, and Nico­lo Paga­ni­ni are regar­ded as vir­tu­osos on the violin. The late Yehu­di Menu­hin was not only a gre­at admi­rer but also an equ­al­ly excel­lent vir­tu­oso in his own right.


Už dlh­ší čas je popu­lár­na hud­ba najp­re­fe­ro­va­nej­šiu for­mu hud­by súčas­nos­ti. Exis­tu­je mno­ho štý­lov, od muzi­kál­nych až po gýčo­vi­té elek­tro­nic­ké výplo­dy. Ja spo­me­niem hlav­ne tie (aj kla­sic­ké štý­ly), kto­ré hod­no­tím ako pozi­tív­ne. Pro­sím o zho­vie­va­vosť s kate­gó­ria­mi hud­by, nedá sa všet­ko jed­no­du­cho zaradiť.


For quite some time, popu­lar music has been the most pre­fer­red form of con­tem­po­ra­ry music. The­re are many sty­les, ran­ging from musi­cal to kits­chy elect­ro­nic cre­a­ti­ons. I will men­ti­on main­ly tho­se (inc­lu­ding clas­si­cal sty­les) that I con­si­der posi­ti­ve. Ple­a­se be unders­tan­ding about the cate­go­ri­za­ti­on of music; it’s not alwa­ys straightforward.


Jazz

Počiat­ky jaz­zu sia­ha­jú do kon­ca 19. st. a začiat­ku 20. sto­ro­čia. Ide o hud­bu afro­ame­ri­ča­nov, za kolís­ku sa pova­žu­je New Orle­ans. Pod­ľa mňa ide o naj­mu­zi­kál­nej­šiu for­mu. Za skve­lých muzi­kan­tov pova­žu­jem tých­to (za pomlč­kou nasle­du­je umel­cov hlav­ný umel­cov nástroj): Her­bie Hanc­kock – pia­no, fun­ky jazz, fun­ky, fusi­on, Chick Corea – pia­no, Al Di Meola – gita­ra, Bob­by McFer­rin – vokál, Char­lie Par­ker, Dex­ter Gor­don – saxo­fón, Step­han­ne Grap­pe­li – hus­le, Michel Pet­ruc­cia­ni – kla­vír, Miles Davis – Be bop, John Sco­field – gita­ra, Joe Hen­der­son – saxo­fón, Ben­ny Good­man – kla­ri­net, Lou­is Arm­s­trong – trúb­ka, Diz­zy Giles­pie – trúb­ka, Sarah Vaug­han, Joni Mit­chell – vokál, folk jazz, Bix Bei­der­bec­ke – trúb­ka, Duke Elling­ton, Pat Met­he­ny – gita­ra, Micha­el Brec­ker, Ella Fitz­ge­rald, Jack DeJoh­net­te, Joe Zavi­nul, Jaco Pas­to­rius – gita­ra, John Col­tra­ne, Keith Jar­rett, Ray Char­les – old jazz, Mar­vin Gaye, John McLaugh­lin. Z našich napr. Peter Lipa – spev, Peter Bar­toš – trub­kár­sky virtuóz.


Jazz

The ori­gins of jazz date back to the late 19th and ear­ly 20th cen­tu­ries. It is a music form of Afri­can Ame­ri­cans, with New Orle­ans being con­si­de­red its birthp­la­ce. Accor­ding to me, it is the most musi­cal form. I con­si­der the fol­lo­wing musi­cians outs­tan­ding (ins­tru­ment pla­y­ed is men­ti­oned after the dash):

Her­bie Hanc­kock – pia­no, fun­ky jazz, fun­ky, fusi­on, Chick Corea – pia­no, Al Di Meola – guitar, Bob­by McFer­rin – vocals, Char­lie Par­ker, Dex­ter Gor­don – saxop­ho­ne, Step­han­ne Grap­pe­li – violin, Michel Pet­ruc­cia­ni – pia­no, Miles Davis – Be bop, John Sco­field – guitar, Joe Hen­der­son – saxop­ho­ne, Ben­ny Good­man – cla­ri­net, Lou­is Arm­s­trong – trum­pet, Diz­zy Giles­pie – trum­pet, Sarah Vaug­han, Joni Mit­chell – vocals, folk jazz, Bix Bei­der­bec­ke – trum­pet, Duke Elling­ton, Pat Met­he­ny – guitar, Micha­el Brec­ker, Ella Fitz­ge­rald, Jack DeJoh­net­te, Joe Zavi­nul, Jaco Pas­to­rius – guitar, John Col­tra­ne, Keith Jar­rett Ray Char­les – old jazz, Mar­vin Gaye, John McLaugh­lin. From our regi­on, for exam­ple, Peter Lipa – vocals, Peter Bar­toš – trum­pet virtuoso.


Jazz­funk: Her­bie Han­cock – pia­no, Jami­ro­qu­ai, Jazz­rock: Andrej Šeban – gita­ra, Car­los San­ta­na – gita­ra, Erich Boboš Pro­cház­ka & The Fro­zen Dozen, Jack Bru­ce – gita­ra, Orches­tral Rock: Col­le­gium Musi­cum, Blu­es: Eric Clap­ton, Gar­ry Moore, B.B. King, Hans The­es­sink – gita­ra (no keď spus­tí, znie to ako orches­ter), Jack Bru­ce – gita­ra, Blu­es Rock: Joe Cocker


Jazz­funk: Her­bie Han­cock – pia­no, Jami­ro­qu­ai, Jazz­rock: Andrej Šeban – guitar, Car­los San­ta­na – guitar, Erich Boboš Pro­cház­ka & The Fro­zen Dozen, Jack Bru­ce – guitar, Orches­tral Rock: Col­le­gium Musi­cum, Blu­es: Eric Clap­ton, Gar­ry Moore, B.B. King, Hans The­es­sink – guitar (when he starts pla­y­ing, it sounds like an orches­tra), Jack Bru­ce – guitar, Blu­es Rock: Joe Cocker


Rock

Ťaž­ko pre mňa defi­no­va­teľ­ný štýl, kto­rý pre mňa nemá v sebe jas­ný komerč­ný vplyv: Sting – svo­jou hud­bou oslo­vil aj jaz­zo­vých umel­cov, Bru­ce Spring­ste­en, Red Hot Chil­li Pep­pers, Joe Coc­ker, Que­en na začiat­ku kari­é­ry. Extre­me, Dire Straits, Bon Jovi, Cre­e­den­ce Cle­ar­wa­ter Revi­val, Naza­reth, Pink Flo­yd, R.E.M., Red Hot Chil­li Pep­pers, Rol­ling Sto­nes, She­ryl Crow, Super­tramp, U2, Deep Purp­le, Fred­die Mer­cu­ry, Jack Bru­ce, Len­ny Kra­vitz, Andrej Šeban – gita­ra, Oskar Róz­sa – bas­gi­ta­ra, Fer­má­ta, Vlas­ta Redl, Wanas­to­vi Vje­cy, Fero Grig­lák – gita­ra, Juraj Grig­lák – bas­gi­ta­ra, Fedor Fre­šo, Le Pay­aco, Lucie, Olympic.


Rock

A sty­le that is hard for me to defi­ne, and for me, it lacks a cle­ar com­mer­cial influ­en­ce: Sting – through his music, he has appe­a­led to jazz artists as well, Bru­ce Spring­ste­en, Red Hot Chi­li Pep­pers, Joe Coc­ker, Que­en in the ear­ly days. Extre­me, Dire Straits, Bon Jovi, Cre­e­den­ce Cle­ar­wa­ter Revi­val, Naza­reth, Pink Flo­yd, R.E.M., Red Hot Chi­li Pep­pers, Rol­ling Sto­nes, She­ryl Crow, Super­tramp, U2, Deep Purp­le, Fred­die Mer­cu­ry, Jack Bru­ce, Len­ny Kra­vitz, Andrej Šeban – guitar, Oskar Róz­sa – bass guitar, Fer­má­ta, Vlas­ta Redl, Wanas­to­vi Vje­cy, Fero Grig­lák – guitar, Juraj Grig­lák – bass guitar, Fedor Fre­šo, Le Pay­aco, Lucie, Olympic.


  • Slo­wrock: Elton John – pia­no, Chris Rea
  • Hard­rock: Joe Sat­ria­ni – gita­ra, Deff Lep­pard, Nir­va­na, Extre­me, Strom­bo­li, Aeros­mith, Apocalyptica
  • Rene­sain­ce Rock: Jeth­ro Tull, Ian Ander­son, Blackmore‘s Night
  • Symp­ho­nic Rock: Col­le­gium Musicum
  • Old Rock: Roling Sto­nes, John Lennon
  • Soft­rock: Smo­kie, Bee Gees, Elán

Slo­wrock: Elton John – pia­no, Chris Rea Hard­rock: Joe Sat­ria­ni – guitar, Def Lep­pard, Nir­va­na, Extre­me, Strom­bo­li, Aeros­mith, Apo­ca­lyp­ti­ca Renais­san­ce Rock: Jeth­ro Tull, Ian Ander­son, Black­mo­re­’s Night Symp­ho­nic Rock: Col­le­gium Musi­cum Old Rock: Rol­ling Sto­nes, John Len­non Soft­rock: Smo­kie, Bee Gees, Elán


Iné žán­re

  • Soul: Lisa Stans­field, Sade
  • Soul­pop: Richard Müller
  • Punk: Sex Pistols
  • A capel­la – čis­to vokál­ny štýl: Clo­se Har­mo­ny Friends – sku­pi­na oko­lo Mária Fan­čo­vi­ča vznik­nu­tá v Nit­re, Fragile
  • Avan­tgar­de: Jabl­koň – veľ­mi čudes­ná muzika
  • Big Beat: Dežo Ursi­ny – gita­ra, Jiří Sche­lin­ger – gitara
  • Reggae: Bob Marley
  • Chan­son: Tom Jones, Hana Hege­ro­vá, Gil­bert Becaud
  • Folk: Paul Simon – gita­ra, Art Gar­fun­kel – gita­ra, AG Flek, Bron­to­sau­ři, Jan Ned­věd – gita­ra, Fran­ti­šek Ned­věd – gita­ra, Karel Kryl – gita­ra, Vlas­ta Redl – gita­ra, Lenk, Janoušek
  • Folk­pop: Len­ka Fili­po­vá – gitara
  • Folk­rock: Bob Dylan – spev, gita­ra, Jana Kir­schner – gita­ra, Len­ka Fili­po­vá – gita­ra, Vlas­ta Redl – gitara
  • Folk­lor Folk: Vlas­ta Redl – gita­ra, AG Flek, Hradišťan
  • Folk­lor Rock: Vlas­ta Redl – gita­ra, Fleret
  • Fun­ky: Kool and The Gang
  • Hip Hop: N‘Sync
  • Hip­pies: John Len­non, Beat­les, Paul McCar­tney, Inde­pen­den­te, U2, Radi­ohe­ad, The Cure, Buty
  • Lati­no Pop: Nata­lia Ore­i­ro, Sha­ki­ra, Glo­ria Este­fan, Fla­men­co, Paco de Lucia, Mar­tin Bies
  • Metal: Black Sab­bath, Metallica
  • Oldies: Frank Sinat­ra, Herman‘s Her­mits, Temp­ta­ti­ons, Per­cy Sled­ge, Mar­ma­la­de, K.C. & The Suns­hi­ne Band, Jan & Dean
  • Orches­tral: Mike Old­field, Enya, Mezzoforte
  • Pop: ABBA, Madon­na, No Name, Tatu, Elán, Lucie Bílá
  • Pop Folk: Miro­slav Žbir­ka – gitara
  • Club: Sade – vokál
  • Vocal: Bára Basi­ko­vá, Lucie Bílá
  • Modern Clas­sic: Zbig­niew Preisner
  • Muzi­kal: Galt Mac­Der­mot, Lucie Bílá
  • Psy­che­de­lic: Lore­e­na McKen­nit, Micha­el Kocáb, Natá­lie Kocá­bo­vá, Praž­ský výběr
  • Soundt­rack: Zbig­niew Pre­is­ner, Ennio Morricone

Soul: Lisa Stans­field, Sade Soul­pop: Richard Mül­ler Punk: Sex Pis­tols A capel­la – pure­ly vocal sty­le: Clo­se Har­mo­ny Friends – a group around Mário Fan­čo­vič for­med in Nit­ra, Fra­gi­le Avan­tgar­de: Jabl­koň – very pecu­liar music Big Beat: Dežo Ursi­ny – guitar, Jiří Sche­lin­ger – guitar Reggae: Bob Mar­ley Chan­son: Tom Jones, Hana Hege­ro­vá, Gil­bert Becaud Folk: Paul Simon – guitar, Art Gar­fun­kel – guitar, AG Flek, Bron­to­sau­ři, Jan Ned­věd – guitar, Fran­ti­šek Ned­věd – guitar, Karel Kryl – guitar, Vlas­ta Redl – guitar, Lenk, Janou­šek Folk­pop: Len­ka Fili­po­vá – guitar Folk­rock: Bob Dylan – vocals, guitar, Jana Kir­schner – guitar, Len­ka Fili­po­vá – guitar, Vlas­ta Redl – guitar Folk­lo­re Folk: Vlas­ta Redl – guitar, AG Flek, Hra­diš­ťan Folk­lo­re Rock: Vlas­ta Redl – guitar, Fle­ret Fun­ky: Kool and The Gang Hip Hop: N‘Sync Hip­pies: John Len­non, Beat­les, Paul McCar­tney, Inde­pen­den­te, U2, Radi­ohe­ad, The Cure, Buty Lati­no Pop: Nata­lia Ore­i­ro, Sha­ki­ra, Glo­ria Este­fan, Fla­men­co, Paco de Lucia, Mar­tin Bies Metal: Black Sab­bath, Metal­li­ca Oldies: Frank Sinat­ra, Her­ma­n’s Her­mits, Temp­ta­ti­ons, Per­cy Sled­ge, Mar­ma­la­de, K.C. & The Suns­hi­ne Band, Jan & Dean Orches­tral: Mike Old­field, Enya, Mez­zo­for­te Pop: ABBA, Madon­na, No Name, Tatu, Elán, Lucie Bílá Pop Folk: Miro­slav Žbir­ka – guitar Club: Sade – vocals Vocal: Bára Basi­ko­vá, Lucie Bílá Modern Clas­sic: Zbig­niew Pre­is­ner Musi­cal: Galt Mac­Der­mot, Lucie Bílá Psy­che­de­lic: Lore­e­na McKen­nit, Micha­el Kocáb, Natá­lie Kocá­bo­vá, Praž­ský výběr Soundt­rack: Zbig­niew Pre­is­ner, Ennio Morricone

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