2006-2010, 2010, Časová línia, Chorvátsko, Krajina, TOP, Zahraničie

Hvar – známy ostrov v Chorvátsku

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Hvar je naj­dl­h­ším ostro­vom v Chor­vát­sku. Jeho roz­lo­ha je 299.66 km2, pobrež­ná línia je dlhá 269.2 km. Pod­ľa ame­ric­ké­ho The Tra­vel­ler pat­rí medzi desať najk­raj­ších turis­tic­kých oblas­tí na sve­te (sucu​raj​-hvar​.com). Žije tu asi 11 500 oby­va­te­ľov. Hvar sa vyzna­ču­je prí­jem­nou stre­do­zem­skou klí­mou. Mier­ny­mi zima­mi, tep­lý­mi leta­mi, množ­stvo slneč­né­ho svi­tu. Naj­vyš­šia tep­lo­ta bola 37 °C bola zazna­me­na­ná v roku 1935 (island​-hvar​.info). Bol zná­my od anti­ky svo­jou dôle­ži­tou stra­te­gic­kou a námor­nou polo­hou, kul­túr­ny­mi a prí­rod­ný­mi pamiat­ka­mi. Nachá­dza­jú sa tu levan­du­ľo­vé polia, sta­ré oli­vov­ní­ky, vinoh­ra­dy v jedi­neč­nej har­mó­nii člo­ve­ka a prí­ro­dy (hva​rin​fo​.com). V čase posled­nej doby ľado­vej bola hla­di­na Jad­ran­ské­ho mora o 96.4 met­ra niž­šie než dnes. Hvar bol pod­ľa súčas­ných poznat­kov vte­dy vysta­ve­ný extrém­nym búr­kam a vet­rom z vnút­ro­ze­mia, čo for­mo­va­lo vzhľad Hva­ru. Sever­né pobre­žie v západ­nej čas­ti je mimo­riad­ne čle­ni­té, čas­to ho vyhľa­dá­va­jú jach­tá­ri. V minu­los­ti pokrý­va­li znač­nú časť ostro­va boro­vi­co­vé lesy (Pinus hale­pen­sis, P. nig­ra dal­ma­ti­ca). Povr­cho­vé vod­né toky Hvar nemá (ihvar​.cz). Hvar sa vyzna­ču­je veľ­mi vyso­ké množ­stvo slneč­né­ho svi­tu (ihvar​.cz). K naj­vy­hľa­dá­va­nej­ším plá­žam pat­ria tie na Pak­le­ni oto­ci, na ostro­ve Ščed­ro a západ­ne od Zava­ly. Pak­le­ni oto­ci, polo­os­trov Kabal, záto­ka Tatin­ja, ostrov­če­ky Zeče­vo, záto­ka Zala Luka sú vyhľa­dá­va­né potá­pač­mi. V posled­ných rokoch boli vybu­do­va­né cyk­lo­tra­sy, nie­kto­ré z nich vedú po maka­da­mo­vých ces­tách a posky­tu­jú tak vidieť aj odľah­lej­šie čas­ti ostro­va (ihvar​.cz).

Nále­zy pre­his­to­ric­ké­ho člo­ve­ka z jas­kýň sú z obdo­bia 3500 – 2500 pred n. l. (ihvar​.cz). V prvom tisíc­ro­čí pred n. l. tu žili Ilý­ri (ihvar​.cz). Ilý­ri si sta­va­li ope­ve­ne­né síd­lis­ká – gra­di­ny (ihvar​.cz). V rokoch 385 – 384 pred n. l. sa na mies­te Sta­re­ho Gra­du usa­di­li gré­ci a zalo­ži­li Pha­ros. Prá­ve z toh­to gréc­ke­ho náz­vu bolo odvo­de­né neskor­šie pome­no­va­nie ostro­va Hvar (ihvar​.cz). V 3. sto­ro­čí pred n. l. sa obja­vu­je aj názov Pite­y­eia (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Na úze­mie si vte­dy robi­li zálusk Rima­nia. Ilýr Demet­rius (Demet­ri­je Hva­ra­nin, resp. Demet­ri­je Far­ski) bol spo­je­nec ilýr­skej krá­ľov­ni Teuty, kto­rá bola odboj­ným nepria­te­ľom Ríma. Poda­ri­lo sa mu v tre­tej tre­ti­ne 3. sto­ro­čia pred n. l. ovlád­nuť oblasť od dneš­nej sever­nej Dal­má­cie po dneš­ný Dur­res v Albán­sku. Rima­nia však Demet­riu­sa aj Teutu pora­zi­li. V polo­vi­ci 1. sto­ro­čia pred n. l. boli Rima­nia pán­mi celé­ho Jad­ra­nu (ihvar​.cz). Za rím­skej vlá­dy sa obja­vu­je pre ostrov názov Pha­ria a Fara (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Na pre­lo­me 5 a 6. sto­ro­čia ohro­zo­va­li Hvar Ostro­gó­ti. V 7. sto­ro­čí priš­li na Hvar Slo­va­nia (ihvar​.cz). Vte­dy sa v náz­ve ostro­va Fara zme­ni­lo f za sta­ro­slo­van­ské hv – Hvar. Rím­ski usad­lí­ci pou­ží­va­li pome­no­va­nie Quar­ra, neskôr aj Lesi­na, Lie­se­na (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Neskôr bol ostrov pod sprá­vou Byzanst­skej ríše. V 11. sto­ro­čí sa Hvar stal súčas­ťou chor­vát­ske­ho krá­ľov­stva. Od 11. do 19. sto­ro­čia sa ostrov nazý­va Les­na, prí­pad­ne Lis­na, Less­na. V roku 1278 sa Hvar roz­ho­dol byť spo­jen­com Benát­skej repub­li­ky, čo sa mu trva­lej­šie poda­ri­lo od roku 1420. Ten­to stav trval do kon­ca 18. sto­ro­čia, kedy Benát­ska repub­li­ka zanik­la. V tom­to obdo­bí vzrás­tol eko­no­mic­ký a stra­te­gic­ký kre­dit ostro­va. V rokoch 1813 – 1918 bol Hvar pod Rakús­kou sprá­vou. Po roku 1918 tri roky oku­po­va­lo ostrov Talian­sko, ale od roku 1921 sa stal ostrov súčas­ťou Krá­ľov­stva Srbov, Chor­vá­tov a Slo­vin­cov, neskôr Juho­slá­vii. Od roku 1992 je súčas­ťou Chor­vát­skej repub­li­ky (ihvar​.cz).

Hvar sa vyzna­ču­je výraz­ne stre­do­mor­skou pôvod­nou vege­tá­ci­ou. Pinus dal­ma­ti­ca ras­tie na naj­vyš­šom hor­skom hre­be­ni Hva­ru. Okrem toho sa vysky­tu­je už len v naj­vyš­ších polo­hách ostro­va Brač a rástla na obdob­ných mies­tach ostro­va Kor­ču­la. Ende­mit­mi sú Tama­rix dal­ma­ti­ca, Cen­tau­rea ragu­si­na, Rubus dal­ma­ti­nus, Iris dal­ma­ti­ca. Na ostro­ve sa darí opun­cii Opun­cia bar­ba­ri­ca, Aga­ve altis­si­ma, A. ingens, Ros­ma­ri­nus offi­ci­na­lis, Levan­du­la vera, Sal­via offi­ci­na­lis, Pit­ho­spo­rum tobi­ra, Myr­tus com­mu­nis, Cera­to­ni­ca sili­qua, Que­cus ilex, Arbu­tus une­do (ihvar​.cz). Okrem levan­du­le sa na Hva­re zbie­ra­jú aj ruman­ček, feny­kel, tymián. Roz­vi­nu­té je aj vče­lár­stvo, kto­ré má rím­sku tra­dí­ciu. Cca 130 vče­lá­rov má oko­lo 3000 úľov (ihvar​.cz). 

Na Hva­re sa, napr. v obci Humac, Malo Grabl­je, Velo Grabl­je, docho­va­la pozo­ru­hod­ná sta­ro­by­lá pôvod­ná ľudo­vá archi­tek­tú­ra. Kamen­né domy boli zväč­ša prí­zem­né, stre­chy a rýny boli takis­to kamen­né. Vnút­ri bola veľ­ká obyt­ná miest­nosť bez pre­pá­žok, v stre­de s ohnis­kom, bez komí­na a bez okien. Poscho­do­vé domy zámož­nej­ších obča­nov mali obyt­nú miest­nosť na poscho­dí, ku kto­ré­mu vied­lo kamen­né scho­diš­te. Táto miest­nosť už mala komín. Iné hos­po­dár­ske pries­to­ry spo­lu so stud­ňou boli ohra­de­né na dvo­re. Naj­star­ším sta­veb­ným typom však sú tzv. tri­my – totož­né s kažu­ny či bun­je­my na ostat­nom jad­ran­ské pobre­ží. Sú to malé níz­ke kamen­né domy kru­ho­vé­ho pôdo­ry­su, posta­ve­né vo voľ­nej kra­ji­ne z lomo­vé­ho kame­ňa nasu­cho. Veľ­mi obľú­be­né boli malé tri­my u sta­rých Ilý­rov, kto­rým slú­ži­li ako úkry­ty a úschov­ne nára­dia. K rov­na­ké­mu úče­lu sa sta­va­li až do novej doby (ihvar​.cz).

Hvar is the lon­gest island in Cro­atia, cove­ring an area of 299.66 km², with a coast­li­ne stret­ching 269.2 km. Accor­ding to the Ame­ri­can maga­zi­ne ​“The Tra­vel­ler,” it is among the ten most beau­ti­ful tou­rist regi­ons in the world. App­ro­xi­ma­te­ly 11,500 peop­le live the­re. Hvar is cha­rac­te­ri­zed by a ple­a­sant Medi­ter­ra­ne­an cli­ma­te, with mild win­ters, warm sum­mers, and abun­dant suns­hi­ne. The hig­hest recor­ded tem­pe­ra­tu­re, 37 °C, was noted in 1935. Kno­wn sin­ce anti­qu­ity for its stra­te­gic and mari­ti­me impor­tan­ce, as well as cul­tu­ral and natu­ral land­marks, Hvar boasts laven­der fields, ancient oli­ve gro­ves, and vine­y­ards in a uni­que har­mo­ny of human and natu­ral ele­ments. During the last ice age, the Adria­tic Sea level was 96.4 meters lower than today. At that time, Hvar expe­rien­ced extre­me storms and winds from the inte­ri­or, sha­ping its appe­a­ran­ce. The nort­hern coast in the wes­tern part is extre­me­ly rug­ged and often att­racts sai­lors. In the past, sub­stan­tial parts of the island were cove­red by pine forests (Pinus hale­pen­sis, P. nig­ra dal­ma­ti­ca). Hvar does not have sur­fa­ce water­cour­ses. Hvar is cha­rac­te­ri­zed by a very high amount of suns­hi­ne. Among the most sought-​after bea­ches are tho­se on the Pak­le­ni Islands, the island of Ščed­ro, and west of Zava­la. Pak­le­ni Islands, the Kabal Penin­su­la, Tatin­ja Bay, the islets of Zeče­vo, and Zala Luka Bay are popu­lar among divers. In recent years, cyc­ling rou­tes have been estab­lis­hed, some of which fol­low gra­vel roads, pro­vi­ding a glim­pse of the more remo­te parts of the island.

Pre­his­to­ric fin­dings from caves date back to the peri­od of 3500 – 2500 BCE. In the first mil­len­nium BCE, Illy­rians inha­bi­ted the island, cons­truc­ting for­ti­fied sett­le­ments kno­wn as ​“gra­di­nas.” In 385 – 384 BCE, Gre­eks sett­led at the site of Sta­ri Grad, foun­ding Pha­ros. The later name of the island, Hvar, is deri­ved from this Gre­ek name. In the 3rd cen­tu­ry BCE, the name ​“Pite­y­eia” also appe­ars. The Romans cove­ted the ter­ri­to­ry, and Illy­rian Demet­rius, an ally of the Illy­rian que­en Teuta, mana­ged to con­trol the area from present-​day nort­hern Dal­ma­tia to Dur­res in present-​day Alba­nia in the third quar­ter of the 3rd cen­tu­ry BCE. Howe­ver, the Romans defe­a­ted Demet­rius and Teuta. In the mid-​1st cen­tu­ry BCE, the Romans beca­me mas­ters of the enti­re Adria­tic. Under Roman rule, the island was kno­wn as Pha­ria and Fara. In the 5th-​6th cen­tu­ry, the Ostro­goths thre­a­te­ned Hvar, and in the 7th cen­tu­ry, the Slavs arri­ved. It was during this time that the name of the island chan­ged from Fara to Hvar, with the Roman sett­lers using the name Quar­ra, later also Lesi­na and Lie­se­na. The island later fell under Byzan­ti­ne rule. In the 11th cen­tu­ry, Hvar beca­me part of the Cro­atian king­dom. From the 11th to the 19th cen­tu­ry, the island was cal­led Les­na or Lis­na. In 1278, Hvar deci­ded to ally with the Vene­tian Repub­lic, which las­ted more per­ma­nen­tly from 1420. This sta­tus con­ti­nu­ed until the end of the 18th cen­tu­ry, when the Vene­tian Repub­lic cea­sed to exist. During this peri­od, the eco­no­mic and stra­te­gic impor­tan­ce of the island inc­re­a­sed. From 1813 to 1918, Hvar was under Aus­trian admi­ni­stra­ti­on. After 1918, Ita­ly occu­pied the island for three years, but from 1921, the island beca­me part of the King­dom of Serbs, Cro­ats, and Slo­ve­nes, later Yugo­sla­via. Sin­ce 1992, it has been part of the Repub­lic of Croatia.

Hvar is cha­rac­te­ri­zed by dis­tinct­ly Medi­ter­ra­ne­an nati­ve vege­ta­ti­on. Pinus dal­ma­ti­ca gro­ws on the hig­hest moun­tain rid­ge of Hvar. Besi­des Hvar, it is found only in the hig­hest parts of the islands of Brač and Kor­ču­la. Ende­mic spe­cies inc­lu­de Tama­rix dal­ma­ti­ca, Cen­tau­rea ragu­si­na, Rubus dal­ma­ti­nus, Iris dal­ma­ti­ca. Opun­tia Opun­cia bar­ba­ri­ca, Aga­ve altis­si­ma, A. ingens, Ros­ma­ri­nus offi­ci­na­lis, Lavan­du­la vera, Sal­via offi­ci­na­lis, Pit­ho­spo­rum tobi­ra, Myr­tus com­mu­nis, Cera­to­ni­ca sili­qua, Quer­cus ilex, Arbu­tus une­do also thri­ve on the island. In addi­ti­on to laven­der, cha­mo­mi­le, fen­nel, and thy­me are also col­lec­ted on Hvar. Bee­ke­e­ping, with a Roman tra­di­ti­on, is well-​developed, with around 130 bee­ke­e­pers having about 3000 hives. Hvar has pre­ser­ved remar­kab­le ancient folk archi­tec­tu­re in pla­ces such as Humac, Malo Grabl­je, and Velo Grabl­je. Sto­ne hou­ses were most­ly single-​story, with sto­ne roofs and gut­ters. Insi­de, the­re was a lar­ge living spa­ce wit­hout par­ti­ti­ons, a cen­tral firep­la­ce, no chim­ney, and no win­do­ws. Two-​story hou­ses of wealt­hier citi­zens had a living room ups­tairs, acces­sib­le by a sto­ne stair­ca­se, which alre­a­dy had a firep­la­ce. Other uti­li­ty spa­ces, along with a well, were enc­lo­sed in the yard. The oldest type of buil­ding, cal­led ​“tri­my,” iden­ti­cal to kažu­ny or bun­je on the rest of the Adria­tic coast, are small, low sto­ne hou­ses with a cir­cu­lar footp­rint, built in the open field with dry-​stone cons­truc­ti­on. The­se were popu­lar among the ancient Illy­rians and ser­ved as shel­ters and tool sto­ra­ge. They con­ti­nu­ed to be built until the modern era.

Hvar je naj­dul­ji otok u Hrvat­skoj. Nje­go­va povr­ši­na izno­si 299,66 km², a obal­na crta je duga 269,2 km. Pre­ma ame­rič­kom časo­pi­su The Tra­vel­ler spa­da među deset najl­jep­ših turis­tič­kih pod­ruč­ja na svi­je­tu (sucu​raj​-hvar​.com). Na oto­ku živi oko 11.500 sta­nov­ni­ka. Hvar se odli­ku­je ugod­nom sre­do­zem­nom kli­mom, bla­gim zima­ma, top­lim lje­ti­ma i obil­jem sun­če­vog svjet­la. Naj­vi­ša zabil­je­že­na tem­pe­ra­tu­ra bila je 37 °C, zabil­je­že­na 1935. godi­ne (island​-hvar​.info). Otok je poznat od anti­ke po svo­joj važ­noj stra­teš­koj i pomor­skoj pozi­ci­ji, kul­tur­nim i pri­rod­nim zna­me­ni­tos­ti­ma. Na nje­mu se nala­ze lavan­di­na pol­ja, sta­ri mas­li­ni­ci i vinog­ra­di u jedin­stve­noj har­mo­ni­ji čov­je­ka i pri­ro­de (hva​rin​fo​.com). U doba posl­jedn­jeg lede­nog doba razi­na Jad­ran­skog mora bila je za 96,4 met­ra niža nego danas. Hvar je tada bio izlo­žen eks­trem­nim olu­ja­ma i vjet­ru s kop­na, što je obli­ko­va­lo izg­led oto­ka. Sje­ver­na oba­la na zapad­nom dije­lu iznim­no je razu­đe­na, čes­to je tra­že­na od stra­ne jah­ta­ra. U proš­los­ti su zna­tan dio oto­ka pokri­va­li boro­vi (Pinus hale­pen­sis, P. nig­ra dal­ma­ti­ca). Hvar nema povr­šin­ske vode­ne toko­ve (ihvar​.cz). Hvar se isti­če viso­kom koli­či­nom sun­če­vog svjet­la (ihvar​.cz). Među naj­tra­že­ni­je pla­že ubra­ja­ju se one na Pak­le­nim oto­ci­ma, na oto­ku Šćed­ro i zapad­no od Zava­le. Pak­le­ni oto­ci, polu­otok Kabal, uva­la Tatin­ja, otok­či­ći Zeče­vo, uva­la Zala Luka popu­lar­na su odre­diš­ta roni­oci­ma. U posl­jedn­jim godi­na­ma izg­ra­đe­ne su bicik­lis­tič­ke sta­ze, neke od njih vode maka­dam­skim ces­ta­ma i pru­ža­ju pri­li­ku vid­je­ti i udal­je­ni­je dije­lo­ve oto­ka (ihvar​.cz).

Nala­zi pra­po­vi­jes­nog čov­je­ka iz peći­na dati­ra­ju iz raz­dobl­ja 3500. – 2500. pr. Kr. (ihvar​.cz). Tije­kom prvog tisu­ćl­je­ća pr. Kr. na oto­ku su živ­je­li Ili­ri (ihvar​.cz). Ili­ri su gra­di­li utv­rđe­na nasel­ja – gra­di­ne (ihvar​.cz). U godi­na­ma 385. – 384. pr. Kr. Grci su se nase­li­li na mjes­tu Sta­rog Gra­da i osno­va­li Pha­ros. Upa­vo iz ovog grč­kog ime­na kas­ni­je je izve­den naziv oto­ka Hvar (ihvar​.cz). U 3. stol­je­ću pr. Kr. pojavl­ju­je se i naziv Pite­y­eia (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Riml­ja­ni su tada poka­zi­va­li inte­res za to pod­ruč­je. Ilir Demet­ri­je (Demet­ri­je Hva­ra­nin ili Demet­ri­je Far­ski) bio je savez­nik ilir­ske kral­ji­ce Teute, koja je bila pobun­je­nič­ki nepri­ja­telj Rima. Demet­ri­je je uspio u tre­ćoj tre­ći­ni 3. stol­je­ća pr. Kr. zavla­da­ti pod­ruč­jem od današn­je sje­ver­ne Dal­ma­ci­je do današn­jeg Dra­ča u Alba­ni­ji. Riml­ja­ni su ipak pora­zi­li Demet­ri­ja i Teutu. U dru­goj polo­vi­ci 1. stol­je­ća pr. Kr. Riml­ja­ni su bili gos­po­da­ri cije­log Jad­ran­skog mora (ihvar​.cz). Za rim­skog vla­da­vi­ne javl­ja se naziv oto­ka Pha­ria i Fara (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tije­kom pri­je­la­za iz 5. u 6. stol­je­će Hvar su pri­je­ti­li Ostro­go­ti. U 7. stol­je­ću na Hvar su doš­li Sla­ve­ni (ihvar​.cz). Tada se u nazi­vu oto­ka Fara pro­mi­je­ni­lo f u sta­ro­sla­ven­sko hv – Hvar. Rim­ski nasel­je­ni­ci koris­ti­li su ime Quar­ra, kas­ni­je i Lesi­na, Lie­se­na (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Kas­ni­je je otok bio pod vla­šću Bizant­skog Car­stva. U 11. stol­je­ću Hvar posta­je dio hrvat­skog kral­jev­stva. Od 11. do 19. stol­je­ća otok se nazi­vao Les­na, Lis­na, Less­na. Godi­ne 1278. Hvar je odlu­čio biti savez­nik Mle­tač­ke Repub­li­ke, što mu je traj­ni­je usp­je­lo od 1420. godi­ne. Taj sta­tus tra­jao je do kra­ja 18. stol­je­ća, kada je Mle­tač­ka Repub­li­ka nesta­la. U tom raz­dobl­ju poras­la je eko­nom­ska i stra­teš­ka važ­nost oto­ka. U godi­na­ma 1813. – 1918. Hvar je bio pod vla­šću Aus­tri­je. Nakon 1918. godi­ne otok je tri godi­ne oku­pi­ra­la Ita­li­ja, ali od 1921. godi­ne postao je otok u sasta­vu Kral­je­vi­ne Srba, Hrva­ta i Slo­ve­na­ca, kas­ni­je Jugo­sla­vi­je. Od 1992. godi­ne dio je Repub­li­ke Hrvat­ske (ihvar​.cz).

Hvar se isti­če izra­zi­to sre­do­zem­nom auto­h­to­nom vege­ta­ci­jom. Pinus dal­ma­ti­ca ras­te na naj­vi­šem pla­nin­skom gre­be­nu Hva­ra. Osim toga, nala­zi se samo na naj­vi­šim pod­ruč­ji­ma oto­ka Bra­ča i slič­nim mjes­ti­ma oto­ka Kor­ču­le. Ende­mi oto­ka ukl­ju­ču­ju Tama­rix dal­ma­ti­ca, Cen­tau­rea ragu­si­na, Rubus dal­ma­ti­nus, Iris dal­ma­ti­ca. Na oto­ku uspi­je­va i opun­tia Opun­cia bar­ba­ri­ca, Aga­ve altis­si­ma, A. ingens, Ros­ma­ri­nus offi­ci­na­lis, Lavan­du­la vera, Sal­via offi­ci­na­lis, Pit­ho­spo­rum tobi­ra, Myr­tus com­mu­nis, Cera­to­ni­ca sili­qua, Quer­cus ilex, Arbu­tus une­do (ihvar​.cz). Osim lavan­de, na Hva­ru se beru i kami­li­ca, komo­rač, timi­jan. Raz­vi­je­no je i pče­lar­stvo koje ima rim­sku tra­di­ci­ju. Oko 130 pče­la­ra ima oko 3000 koš­ni­ca (ihvar​.cz). Na Hva­ru se, pri­mje­ri­ce, u nasel­ji­ma Humac, Malo Grabl­je, Velo Grabl­je, saču­va­la zna­čaj­na sta­rin­ska auto­h­to­na arhi­tek­tu­ra. Kame­ne kuće bile su uglav­nom pri­zem­ne, kro­vo­vi i olu­ci bili su tako­đer od kame­na. Unut­rašn­jost je bila veli­ka stam­be­na pros­to­ri­ja bez preg­ra­da, s ogn­jiš­tem u sre­di­ni, bez dimn­ja­ka i pro­zo­ra. Kat­ni­ce kuća boga­ti­jih gra­đa­na ima­le su stam­be­ni pros­tor na katu, do kojeg se dola­zi­lo kame­nim ste­pe­niš­tem. Taj pros­tor već je imao dimn­jak. Osta­li gos­po­dar­ski pros­to­ri zajed­no s buna­rom bili su ogra­đe­ni na dvo­riš­tu. Naj­sta­ri­ji tip gradn­je, među­tim, su takoz­va­ne tri­my – iste kao kažu­ni ili bun­je na dru­gim jad­ran­skim oba­la­ma. To su male nis­ke kame­ne kuće kruž­nog tlocr­ta, izg­ra­đe­ne usred pol­ja od kame­nih blo­ko­va suho­zi­da. Vrlo su popu­lar­ne bile male tri­my kod sta­rih Ili­ra, koje su koris­ti­le kao sklo­niš­ta i spre­miš­ta za alat. Slu­ži­le su istoj svr­si sve do novog doba (ihvar​.cz).

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2006-2010, 2007, Časová línia, Krajina, Zahraničie

Cyprus – krajina v Stredozemnom mori

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Cyp­rus leží na 75 km juž­ne od Turec­ka, 105 km západ­ne od Sýrie a 380 km sever­ne od Egyp­tu v Stre­do­zem­nom mori. Asi 85 % popu­lá­cie je gréc­kej národ­nos­ti, 12 % turec­kej (gre​e​kem​bas​sy​.org). Jeho roz­lo­ha je 9250 km2, žije tu viac ako mili­ón oby­va­te­ľov (zeme​pis​.com). Ostrov Cyp­rus vzni­kol vďa­ka tek­to­nic­kým pohy­bom afric­ké­ho a euro­á­zij­ské­ho blo­ku asi pred 20 mili­ón­mi rokov. Pod­ľa gréc­kej myto­ló­gie sa na Cyp­re zro­di­la bohy­ňa krá­sy, nád­her­ná Afro­di­ta. Cyp­rus je od roku 2004 čle­nom Európ­skej únie. Hlav­ným mes­tom je Nikó­zia (Wiki­pe­dia). Je štvr­tým naj­väč­ším ostro­vom v Stre­do­zem­nom mori (infop​le​a​se​.com). Hlav­ným mes­tom Cyp­ru­su je Nikó­zia. Pred 90 milón­mi rokov bol Cyp­rus súčas­ťou hlbo­ko­mor­ské­ho dna pra­oce­ánu Tet­hys. V poho­rí Tro­odos sa nachá­dza jeden z naj­väč­ších zacho­va­ných ofi­oli­to­vých kom­ple­xov na sve­te. Cyp­rus sa po celé stá­ro­čia odles­ňo­val, pre­to má prob­lém s vodou. Všet­ky rie­ky sú v let­nom obdo­bí suché. Zim­né tep­lo­ty na Cyp­re zried­ka kles­nú pod 5 °C. Let­né vystu­pu­jú na 40°C. Vďa­ka ska­me­ne­li­nám vie­me, že na Cyp­re boli kedy­si slo­ny a hro­chy. Trpas­li­čie mamu­ty tu žili až do kon­ca posled­nej ľado­vej doby pred 8000 rok­mi (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Mykén­ska kul­tú­ra sa na Cyp­re obja­vi­la oko­lo roku 1600 pred n.l. Oko­lo 1500 pred n.l. zažil egypt­skú invá­ziu Thot­me­sa III. O 300 rokov neskôr sem masív­ne priš­li gréc­ki acháj­ci. Dlhý čas bol aj pod nad­vlá­dou Per­zie. Až Ale­xan­der Veľ­ký oslo­bo­dil ostrov spod perz­skej nad­vlá­dy v 4. sto­ro­čí pred n.l. V rokoch 58 – 57 pred n.l. bol Cyp­rus pri­po­je­ný k Rím­skej ríši. V roku 45 Cyp­rus nav­ští­vi­li apoš­to­li Pavol a Bar­na­báš a svä­tý Marek. V Pafo­se sa im poda­ri­lo obrá­tiť rím­ke­ho guver­né­ra Ser­giu­sa Pau­lu­sa na kres­ťan­stvo, čím sa stal Cyp­rus prvou kra­ji­nou spra­vo­va­nou kres­ťan­ským panov­ní­kom. Cyp­rus je legen­dár­nym mies­tom zro­de­nia bohy­ne krá­sy, lás­ky, sexu a váš­ne, nád­her­nej Afro­di­ty. Dejis­ko Afro­di­tin­ho zro­de­nia – Afro­di­ti­ne ska­ly sa nachá­dza neďa­le­ko Pafo­su. Po roku 395 bol Cyp­rus na tak­mer 800 rokov súčas­ťou Byzant­skej ríše. Po roku 1489 zís­ka­la Cyp­rus Benát­ska repub­li­ka. Po roku 1570 Osman­ská ríša. Cyp­rus zís­kal nezá­vis­losť v roku 1960. Od roku 1974 je roz­de­le­ný na sever­nú časť – Seve­ro­cy­per­skú turec­kú repub­li­ku, kto­rú uzná­va iba Turec­ko a Cyper­skú repub­li­ku). A tomu zod­po­ve­dá aj národ­nost­né zlo­že­nie, 78 % sú cyper­skí Gré­ci, 18 % Tur­ci (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Cyp­rus is loca­ted 75 km south of Tur­key, 105 km west of Syria, and 380 km north of Egypt in the Medi­ter­ra­ne­an Sea. About 85% of the popu­la­ti­on is of Gre­ek nati­ona­li­ty, and 12% is of Tur­kish ori­gin (gre​e​kem​bas​sy​.org). Its area covers 9250 km², with a popu­la­ti­on of over one mil­li­on inha­bi­tants (zeme​pis​.com). The island of Cyp­rus was for­med due to tec­to­nic move­ments bet­we­en the Afri­can and Eura­sian pla­tes around 20 mil­li­on years ago. Accor­ding to Gre­ek myt­ho­lo­gy, the god­dess of beau­ty, the mag­ni­fi­cent Aph­ro­di­te, was born on Cyp­rus. Sin­ce 2004, Cyp­rus has been a mem­ber of the Euro­pe­an Uni­on, with Nico­sia as its capi­tal (Wiki­pe­dia). It is the fourth-​largest island in the Medi­ter­ra­ne­an Sea (infop​le​a​se​.com). Nine­ty mil­li­on years ago, Cyp­rus was part of the deep-​sea flo­or of the ancient Tet­hys oce­an. In the Tro­odos moun­tain ran­ge, one of the worl­d’s lar­gest pre­ser­ved ophi­oli­te com­ple­xes is found. Cyp­rus has faced defo­re­sta­ti­on over the cen­tu­ries, lea­ding to water scar­ci­ty issu­es, with all rivers dry­ing up in the sum­mer. Win­ter tem­pe­ra­tu­res rare­ly drop below 5°C, whi­le sum­mer tem­pe­ra­tu­res can rise to 40°C. Fos­sil evi­den­ce indi­ca­tes that elep­hants and hip­pos once inha­bi­ted Cyp­rus, and dwarf mam­moths lived here until the end of the last Ice Age around 8000 years ago (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Myce­na­e­an cul­tu­re appe­a­red on Cyp­rus around 1600 BCE. Around 1500 BCE, Cyp­rus expe­rien­ced an Egyp­tian inva­si­on by Thut­mo­se III. Three hun­dred years later, Gre­ek Acha­e­ans arri­ved mas­si­ve­ly. It remai­ned under Per­sian rule for a long time until Ale­xan­der the Gre­at libe­ra­ted the island from Per­sian domi­na­ti­on in the 4th cen­tu­ry BCE. In 58 – 57 BCE, Cyp­rus was anne­xed to the Roman Empi­re. In 45 CE, apost­les Paul and Bar­na­bas, along with Saint Mark, visi­ted Cyp­rus. In Pap­hos, they suc­cess­ful­ly con­ver­ted the Roman gover­nor Ser­gius Pau­lus to Chris­tia­ni­ty, making Cyp­rus the first coun­try gover­ned by a Chris­tian ruler. Cyp­rus is the legen­da­ry birthp­la­ce of the god­dess of beau­ty, love, sex, and pas­si­on, the beau­ti­ful Aph­ro­di­te. The birthp­la­ce of Aph­ro­di­te, kno­wn as Aph­ro­di­te­’s Rock, is loca­ted near Pap­hos. After 395 CE, Cyp­rus was part of the Byzan­ti­ne Empi­re for almost 800 years. In 1489, the Repub­lic of Veni­ce gai­ned con­trol of Cyp­rus, fol­lo­wed by the Otto­man Empi­re in 1570. Cyp­rus gai­ned inde­pen­den­ce in 1960. Sin­ce 1974, it has been divi­ded into the nort­hern part – the Tur­kish Repub­lic of Nort­hern Cyp­rus, recog­ni­zed only by Tur­key, and the Repub­lic of Cyp­rus. This divi­si­on is ref­lec­ted in the eth­nic com­po­si­ti­on, with 78% being Cyp­ri­ot Gre­eks and 18% Turks (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Το Κύπρος βρίσκεται 75 χιλιόμετρα νότια της Τουρκίας, 105 χιλιόμετρα δυτικά της Συρίας και 380 χιλιόμετρα βόρεια της Αιγύπτου στη Μεσόγειο Θάλασσα. Περίπου 85% του πληθυσμού είναι ελληνικής καταγωγής, 12% τουρκικής (gre​e​kem​bas​sy​.org). Έχει έκταση 9250 τ.χλμ., ζουν εδώ περισσότερο από ένα εκατομμύριο κάτοικοι (zeme​pis​.com). Ο νησί Κύπρος δημιουργήθηκε λόγω τεκτονικών κινήσεων μεταξύ των αφρικανικών και ευρασιατικών πλακών περίπου πριν από 20 εκατομμύρια χρόνια. Σύμφωνα με την ελληνική μυθολογία, στην Κύπρο γεννήθηκε η θεά της ομορφιάς, η όμορφη Αφροδίτη. Η Κύπρος είναι μέλος της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης από το 2004. Η πρωτεύουσά της είναι η Λευκωσία (Wiki­pe­dia). Είναι ο τέταρτος μεγαλύτερος νησί στη Μεσόγειο (infop​le​a​se​.com). Η πρωτεύουσα της Κύπρου είναι η Λευκωσία. Πριν από 90 εκατομμύρια χρόνια, η Κύπρος ήταν μέρος του πυθαγόρειου ωκεανού Tet­hys. Στο όρος Τρόοντος βρίσκεται ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα σωζόμενα οφιολιτικά συμπλέγματα στον κόσμο. Η Κύπρος έχει υποφέρει από αποψίλωση επί αιώνες, και έχει πρόβλημα με το νερό. Όλοι οι ποταμοί είναι ξηροί το καλοκαίρι. Οι χειμερινές θερμοκρασίες στην Κύπρο σπανίως πέφτουν κάτω από τους 5°C. Το καλοκαίρι ανεβαίνουν στους 40°C. Λόγω των απολιθωμάτων, γνωρίζουμε ότι στην Κύπρο κάποτε υπήρχαν ελέφαντες και ιπποπόταμοι. Οι νάνοι μαμούθηδες ζούσαν εδώ μέχρι το τέλος της τελευταίας παγετώνας πριν από 8000 χρόνια (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Η Μυκηναϊκή κουλτούρα εμφανίστηκε στην Κύπρο περίπου το 1600 π.Χ. Περίπου το 1500 π.Χ., υπέστη μια αιγυπτιακή εισβολή από το Θώθμη ΙΙΙ. Περίπου 300 χρόνια αργότερα, οι ελληνικοί Αχαιοί κατέκτησαν μαζικά το νησί. Για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα βρισκόταν υπό την επικράτηση της Περσίας. Μόνο ο Μέγας Αλέξανδρος απελευθέρω

σε το νησί από την περσική κυριαρχία τον 4ο αιώνα π.Χ. Το 58 – 57 π.Χ., η Κύπρος προστέθηκε στο Ρωμαϊκό Κράτος. Το 45 π.Χ., οι απόστολοι Παύλος και Βαρνάβας και ο άγιος Μάρκος επισκέφθηκαν την Κύπρο. Στην Πάφο κατάφεραν να μετατρέψουν τον ρωμαϊκό ηγεμόνα Σέργιο Παύλο στο χριστιανισμό, καθιστώντας την Κύπρο το πρώτο κράτος που διοικείται από χριστιανικό κυβερνήτη. Η Κύπρος είναι το μυθικό μέρος γέννησης της θεάς της ομορφιάς, της αγάπης, του έρωτα και του πάθους, της όμορφης Αφροδίτης. Το θέατρο της γέννησης της Αφροδίτης – οι πέτρες της Αφροδίτης – βρίσκονται κοντά στην Πάφο. Μετά το 395, η Κύπρος ήταν για σχεδόν 800 χρόνια μέρος της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας. Μετά το 1489 κατέλαβε την Κύπρο η Δημοκρατία της Βενετίας. Μετά το 1570, η Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία. Η Κύπρος απέκτησε την ανεξαρτησία της το 1960. Από το 1974 είναι χωρισμένη σε βόρειο τμήμα – Βόρεια Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, την οποία αναγνωρίζει μόνο η Τουρκία, και τη Δημοκρατία της Κύπρου. Και η εθνοτική σύνθεση ανταποκρίνεται σε αυτό, με 78% κυπριακών Ελλήνων και 18% Τούρκων (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Kıb­rıs, Tür­ki­y­e’nin 75 km güne­y­in­de, Suri­y­e’nin 105 km batısın­da ve Mısır’ın 380 km kuze­y­in­de, Akde­ni­z’de bulun­mak­ta­dır. Nüfu­sun yak­la­şık %85’i Yunan köken­li­dir, %12’si Türk (gre​e​kem​bas​sy​.org). Yüzölçümü 9250 km2’dir ve bura­da bir mily­on­dan faz­la kişi yaşa­mak­ta­dır (zeme​pis​.com). Kıb­rıs Ada­sı, yak­la­şık 20 mily­on yıl önce Afri­ka ve Avra­sya kara blok­la­rının tek­to­nik hare­ket­le­ri sonu­cun­da olu­ştu. Yunan mito­lo­ji­si­ne göre, Kıb­rıs’ta güzel­lik tan­rıça­sı, muh­te­şem Afro­dit doğmu­ştur. Kıb­rıs, 2004 yılın­dan bu yana Avru­pa Bir­li­ği üyesi­dir. Başken­ti Niko­sia­’dır (Viki­pe­di). Akde­ni­z’de­ki dör­dün­cü büy­ük ada­dır (infop​le​a​se​.com). Kıb­rıs’ın başken­ti Niko­sia­’dır. 90 mily­on yıl önce, Kıb­rıs derin deniz taba­nının bir parça­sıy­dı, Tet­hys Oky­anu­su­’nun. Tro­dos Dağla­rı’n­da düny­anın en büy­ük ofi­y­o­lit kom­pleks­le­rin­den biri bulun­mak­ta­dır. Kıb­rıs, yıl­lar boy­un­ca ağa­çlan­dır­ma yapıl­mış, bu neden­le su soru­nu yaşa­mak­ta­dır. Tüm nehir­ler yaz ayla­rın­da kurur. Kıb­rıs’ta kış sıcak­lık­la­rı nadi­ren 5 °C’nin altına düşer. Yaz ayla­rın­da ise 40 °C’yi bula­bi­lir. Fosil­ler say­esin­de, Kıb­rıs’ta bir zaman­lar fil­ler ve su aygır­la­rı yaşa­dığını bili­y­o­ruz. Cüce mamut­lar, son buzul çağının sonu­na kadar bura­da yaşa­mışlar­dır, yani 8000 yıl önce­ye kadar (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Miken kül­türü M.Ö. 1600 civa­rın­da Kıb­rıs’ta orta­ya çık­tı. M.Ö. 1500 civa­rın­da, III. Thut­mo­se­’un Mısır işga­li­y­le karşıla­ştı. Yak­la­şık 300 yıl son­ra, Yunan Aka köken­li insan­lar ada­ya büy­ük ölçüde yer­le­şti. Uzun bir süre Pers hâki­mi­y­eti altın­da kal­dı. Ancak Büy­ük İsk­end­er, M.Ö. 4. yüzy­ıl­da ada­yı Pers haki­mi­y­etin­den kur­tar­dı. M.Ö. 58 – 57 yıl­la­rın­da, Kıb­rıs Roma İmp­ar­at­orl­uğ­u’­na katıl­dı. M.S. 45 yılın­da, Hava­ri Pav­lus, Bar­na­bas ve Aziz Mar­kos Kıb­rıs’ı ziy­aret etti. Pafo­s’ta, Roma vali­si Ser­gius Pau­lu­s’u Hris­ti­y­an­lığa çevir­me­yi başar­dılar, bu da Kıb­rıs’ı Hris­ti­y­an yöne­ti­len ilk ülke yap­tı. Kıb­rıs, güzel­lik, aşk, cin­sel­lik ve tut­ku­nun tan­rıça­sı olan Afro­di­t’in efsa­ne­vi doğum yeri ola­rak bili­nir. Afro­di­t’in doğum yeri – Afro­di­t’in Kay­ala­rı, Pafo­s’a yakın­dır. M.S. 395’ten son­ra, Kıb­rıs nere­de­y­se 800 yıl boy­un­ca Bizans İmp­ar­at­orl­uğ­u’­nun bir parça­sıy­dı. 1489’dan son­ra, Kıb­rıs’ı Vene­dik Cum­hu­ri­y­eti ele geçir­di. 1570’ten son­ra Osman­lı İmp­ar­at­orl­uğu. Kıb­rıs, 1960 yılın­da bağım­sız­lığını kazan­dı. 1974’ten beri Kıb­rıs, sade­ce Tür­ki­ye tara­fın­dan tanınan Kuzey Kıb­rıs Türk Cum­hu­ri­y­eti ve Kıb­rıs Cum­hu­ri­y­eti olmak üze­re iki kıs­ma ayrıl­mıştır. Ve bunun­la uyum­lu ola­rak etnik bile­şi­mi, %78 Kıb­rıs­lı Yunan, %18 Tür­k’tür (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

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2006, 2006-2010, 2009, Časová línia, Grécko, Krajina, Zahraničie

Grécko – staroveká krajina

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Gréc­ko leží na juhu Euró­py. Je to kra­ji­na z boha­tou his­tó­ri­ou. Rozp­res­tie­ra sa na roz­lo­he 131 957 km2, žije tu tak­mer 11 mili­ó­nov oby­va­te­ľov. Roč­ne Gréc­ko nav­ští­vi viac ako 11 mili­ó­nov turis­tov (wal​kers​.sk). Hlav­ným mes­tom sú Até­ny. 

Ku Gréc­ku pat­rí asi 2000 ostro­vov, pre­važ­ne v Egej­skom mori. Medzi zná­me a veľ­ké pat­rí Kré­ta a Rho­dos. Už od sta­ro­ve­ku sa Gréc­ko roz­de­ľu­je na Make­do­niu na seve­re, Trá­kiu na seve­ro­vý­cho­de, Epi­rus na stre­do­zá­pa­de, Tesá­liu na stre­do­vý­cho­de, Rumé­liu ja juhu, Pelo­po­né­zu, Kré­tu, Egej­ské a Ión­ske ostro­vy. Medzi veľ­ké mes­tá pat­rí napr. Solún, Pire­us, Lari­sa, Xant­hi, Argos, Irak­lio, Korint. Gréc­ke deji­ny sú veľ­mi boha­té, jed­ny z naj­dl­h­ších a naj­výz­nam­nej­ších. Pred prí­cho­dom Gré­kov žili na úze­mí Gréc­ka Pelas­go­via a Minoj­ci. V 4 – 3 tisíc­ro­čí pred n.l do Gréc­ka pre­nik­li prvé gréc­ke kme­ne – Acháj­ci, kto­rí vytvo­ri­li prvú – Mykén­sku kul­tú­ru. Neskôr ich nasle­do­va­li ďal­šie kme­ne – Dóri, Ióni, Aiolo­via, Epi­ró­ti, Mace­dón­ci. Gréc­ka kul­tú­ra polo­ži­la zákla­dy európ­skej kul­tú­ry. Do 17. sto­ro­čia pat­ri­la medzi naj­kul­túr­nej­šie európ­ske cen­trá aj Kré­ta, kde vlád­li Benát­ča­nia (wiki​pe​dia​.sk). 

Kul­tú­ra súčas­né­ho Gréc­ka vychá­dza pre­dov­šet­kým z byzant­ských a zo sta­ro­ve­kých tra­dí­cií. Gréc­ka kul­tú­ra ako celok má bliž­šie k orien­tál­nym kra­ji­nám, ako k Euró­pe. Gré­ci sa radi zabá­va­jú pri hud­be, tan­ci, jed­le aj víne. Ľudo­vá hud­ba a tra­dič­né tan­ce sú naj­po­pu­lár­nej­šie a naj­viac udr­žia­va­né zo všet­kých európ­skych kra­jín. Dokon­ca aj dnes vzni­ka­jú nové ľudo­vé pies­ne. Vše­obec­ne zná­ma je gréc­ka lite­ra­tú­ra. V 9. sto­ro­čí pred n.l žil Homér. Veľ­mi zná­mi sú Sofo­kles, Euri­pi­des, Aichi­los, Aris­to­fa­nes, Hero­do­tos, Pla­tón, Aris­to­te­les. Gréc­ka kuchy­ňa je typic­ká stre­do­mor­ská. Pou­ží­va sa veľ­ké množ­stvo oli­vo­vé­ho ole­ja. Gréc­ko pat­rí medzi najob­ľú­be­nej­šie turis­tic­ké des­ti­ná­cie, hoj­ne nav­šte­vo­va­né sú ostro­vy Kré­ta, Rho­dos, Les­bos, Kefa­ló­nia, Kor­fu, Thas­sos, Zakynt­hos, polo­strov Chla­ki­di­ki. Za pamiat­ka­mi sa cho­dí do tých­to miest: Até­ny, Téby, Del­fy, Myké­ny, Spar­ta, Knos­sos, Itha­ka (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Gre­e­ce is loca­ted in sout­hern Euro­pe. It is a coun­try with a rich his­to­ry, cove­ring an area of 131,957 km², and is home to near­ly 11 mil­li­on inha­bi­tants. More than 11 mil­li­on tou­rists visit Gre­e­ce annu­al­ly (wal​kers​.sk). The capi­tal city is Athens.

Gre­e­ce inc­lu­des about 2000 islands, pri­ma­ri­ly in the Aege­an Sea. Among the well-​known and lar­ge islands are Cre­te and Rho­des. Sin­ce ancient times, Gre­e­ce has been divi­ded into Mace­do­nia in the north, Thra­ce in the nort­he­ast, Epi­rus in the nort­hwest, Thes­sa­ly in the nort­he­ast, Rume­lia in the south, Pelo­pon­ne­se, Cre­te, the Aege­an, and Ionian Islands. Major cities inc­lu­de Thes­sa­lo­ni­ki, Pira­e­us, Laris­sa, Xant­hi, Argos, Herak­li­on, Corinth. Gre­ek his­to­ry is very rich, being one of the lon­gest and most sig­ni­fi­cant. Befo­re the arri­val of the Gre­eks, Pelas­gians and Mino­ans lived in the ter­ri­to­ry of Gre­e­ce. In the 4th – 3rd mil­len­nium BC, the first Gre­ek tri­bes – Acha­e­ans, who cre­a­ted the first Myce­na­e­an cul­tu­re, penet­ra­ted Gre­e­ce. They were fol­lo­wed by other tri­bes – Dorians, Ionians, Aeolians, Epi­ro­tes, Mace­do­nians. Gre­ek cul­tu­re laid the foun­da­ti­ons of Euro­pe­an cul­tu­re. Until the 17th cen­tu­ry, Cre­te, ruled by the Vene­tians, was one of the most cul­tu­red Euro­pe­an cen­ters (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Con­tem­po­ra­ry Gre­ek cul­tu­re is pri­ma­ri­ly influ­en­ced by Byzan­ti­ne and ancient tra­di­ti­ons. Gre­ek cul­tu­re as a who­le is clo­ser to orien­tal coun­tries than to Euro­pe. Gre­eks enjoy enter­tain­ment through music, dan­ce, food, and wine. Folk music and tra­di­ti­onal dan­ces are the most popu­lar and well-​preserved among all Euro­pe­an coun­tries. Even today, new folk songs are being cre­a­ted. Gre­ek lite­ra­tu­re is wide­ly kno­wn, with Homer living in the 9th cen­tu­ry BC. Other famous figu­res inc­lu­de Sop­hoc­les, Euri­pi­des, Aes­chy­lus, Aris­top­ha­nes, Hero­do­tus, Pla­to, Aris­tot­le. Gre­ek cuisi­ne is typi­cal­ly Medi­ter­ra­ne­an, with the abun­dant use of oli­ve oil. Gre­e­ce is among the most popu­lar tou­rist des­ti­na­ti­ons, with islands such as Cre­te, Rho­des, Les­bos, Kefa­lo­nia, Cor­fu, Thas­sos, Zakynt­hos, and the Chal­ki­di­ki Penin­su­la being hea­vi­ly visi­ted. Tou­rists also explo­re his­to­ri­cal sites in cities like Athens, The­bes, Delp­hi, Myce­nae, Spar­ta, Knos­sos, Itha­ca (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται στη νότια Ευρώπη. Είναι μια χώρα με πλούσια ιστορία, καλύπτοντας μια έκταση 131.957 τ.χλμ. και φιλοξενεί σχεδόν 11 εκατομμύρια κατοίκους. Περισσότεροι από 11 εκατομμύρια τουρίστες επισκέπτονται την Ελλάδα ετησίως (wal​kers​.sk). Η πρωτεύουσα είναι η Αθήνα.

Η Ελλάδα περιλαμβάνει περίπου 2000 νησιά, κυρίως στο Αιγαίο Πέλαγος. Μεταξύ των γνωστών και μεγάλων νησιών περιλαμβάνονται η Κρήτη και ο Ρόδος. Από την αρχαιότητα, η Ελλάδα χωρίζεται σε Μακεδονία στα βόρεια, Θράκη στα βορειοανατολικά, Ήπειρο στα κεντροδυτικά, Θεσσαλία στα κεντροανατολικά, Ρουμελία στα νότια, Πελοπόννησο, Κρήτη, Αιγαίο και Ιόνιο Νησιά. Σημαντικές πόλεις περιλαμβάνουν τη Θεσσαλονίκη, τον Πειραιά, τη Λάρισα, την Ξάνθη, το Άργος, το Ηράκλειο, την Κόρινθο. Η ελληνική ιστορία είναι πολύ πλούσια, αποτελώντας μία από τις πιο μακρόχρονες και σημαντικές. Πριν από την άφιξη των Ελλήνων, ζούσαν στην περιοχή της Ελλάδας οι Πελασγοί και οι Μινωίτες. Στον 4ο – 3ο χιλιετία π.Χ., οι πρώτοι ελληνικοί φυλετικοί οικισμοί, οι Αχαιοί, εισήλθαν στην Ελλάδα, δημιουργώντας τον πρώτο πολιτισμό, την Μυκηναϊκή. Ακολούθησαν άλλες φυλές – Δωριείς, Ίωνες, Αιολείς, Ηπειρώτες, Μακεδόνες. Η ελληνική πολιτιστική κληρονομιά τέθηκε τα θεμέλια του ευρωπαϊκού πολιτισμού. Μέχρι τον 17ο αιώνα, η Κρήτη, κυριαρχούμενη από τους Βενετσιάνους, ήταν ένα από τα πιο καλλιεργημένα ευρωπαϊκά κέντρα (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

Η σύγχρονη ελληνική κουλτούρα επηρεάζεται κυρίως από βυζαντινές και αρχαίες παραδόσεις. Η ελληνική κουλτούρα συνολικά βρίσκεται πιο κοντά σε ανατολικές χώρες παρά στην Ευρώπη. Οι Έλληνες απολαμβάνουν τη διασκέδαση μέσω μουσικής, χορού, φαγητού και κρασιού. Η λαϊκή μουσική και τα παραδοσιακά χορευτικά είναι τα πιο δημοφιλή και καλά διατηρημένα ανάμεσα σε όλες τις ευρωπαϊκές χώρες. Ακόμα και σήμερα δημιουργούνται νέα λαϊκά τραγούδια. Η ελληνική λογοτεχνία είναι ευρέως γνωστή, με τον Όμηρο να ζει στον 9ο αιώνα π.Χ. Άλλα διάσημα πρόσωπα περιλαμβάνουν τους Σοφοκλή, Ευριπίδη, Αισχύλο, Αριστοφάνη, Ηρόδοτο, Πλάτων, Αριστοτέλη. Η ελληνική κουζίνα είναι τυπικά μεσογειακή, με την έντονη χρήση ελαιολάδου. Η Ελλάδα βρίσκεται ανάμεσα στα πιο δημοφιλή τουριστικά προορισμούς, με τα νησιά όπως η Κρήτη, η Ρόδος, η Λέσβος, η Κεφαλονιά, η Κέρκυρα, η Θάσος, το Ζάκυνθο, και ο χερσαίος τόπος Χαλκιδική να είναι πολύ επισκεφθημένα. Οι τουρίστες εξερευνούν επίσης ιστορικούς χώρους σε πόλεις όπως Αθήνα, Θήβες, Δελφοί, Μυκήνες, Σπάρτη, Κνωσός, Ιθάκη (wiki​pe​dia​.sk).

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2006-2010, 2009, 2010, Časová línia, Krajina, Príroda

More

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Ľudia väč­ši­nou more obdi­vu­jú. Jeho nesmier­na veľ­kosť, zdan­li­vá neko­neč­nosť ponú­ka­jú pries­tor na roz­jí­ma­nie a obja­vo­va­nie. More hrá kľú­čo­vú úlo­hu nie­len v prí­rod­nom eko­sys­té­me, ale aj v kul­tú­re a his­tó­rii. More tvo­rí pri­bliž­ne 71 per­cent povr­chu Zeme a obsa­hu­je pri­bliž­ne 97 per­cent vody na našej pla­né­te. Jeho hĺb­ka sa pohy­bu­je od pomer­ne plyt­kých oblas­tí kon­ti­nen­tál­nych až po hlbo­ké prie­pas­ti v oce­ánoch. Kaž­dý meter mora hos­tí fas­ci­nu­jú­ci eko­sys­tém plný živo­ta, od mik­ro­sko­pic­ké­ho plank­tó­nu po majes­tát­ne veľryby.

More je zdro­jom inšpi­rá­cie, krá­sy a dôle­ži­tých prí­rod­ných zdro­jov. Jeho úlo­ha v živo­te ľud­stva je nepo­chyb­ná, a pre­to je dôle­ži­té si uve­do­miť jeho hod­no­tu a pra­co­vať na jeho ochra­ne. Svet, kto­rý nás fas­ci­nu­je svo­jou hĺb­kou, tajom­stvom a krá­sou, si zaslú­ži našu lás­ku a sta­rost­li­vosť. Ten­to uni­kát­ny eko­sys­tém posky­tu­je obži­vu pre mno­hé dru­hy rýb, kto­ré sú potra­vou pre mno­hé ďal­šie dru­hy. More zabez­pe­ču­je aj množ­stvo ďal­ších zdro­jov pre ľudí. More má dlhú his­tó­riu spo­je­nú s ľud­stvom. Výpra­vy cez more umož­ni­li obja­vo­vať nové sve­ty, obcho­do­vať a navzá­jom sa obo­ha­co­vať kul­túr­ny­mi vplyv­mi. Sta­ré civi­li­zá­cie, ako Feni­ča­nia či Gré­ci, využí­va­li more na výme­nu tova­rov a nápa­dov. More je čas­to spo­je­né aj s legen­da­mi a mýtom, ako je prí­beh o Atlan­tí­de ale­bo mor­ských mon­štrách. Jeho neko­neč­ná hĺb­ka a neob­ja­ve­né oblas­ti vzbu­dzu­jú fan­tá­ziu ľudí a slú­žia ako základ pre mno­hé prí­be­hy a ume­lec­ké diela.

Plá­že s bie­lym pies­kom, azú­ro­vé vody a neko­neč­né výhľa­dy na oce­án pri­lá­ka­li mili­ó­ny ľudí k ces­to­va­niu na pobre­žia. Rekre­ač­né akti­vi­ty pri mori sú roz­ma­ni­té, od plá­va­nia a potá­pa­nia po sur­fo­va­nie a rybo­lov. Let­né dovo­len­ky a náv­šte­vy prí­mor­ských leto­vísk sú syno­ny­mom oddy­chu a rela­xá­cie. Súčas­ný svet však čelí váž­nym výzvam spo­je­ným s ochra­nou a udr­ža­teľ­nos­ťou morí. Zne­čis­ťo­va­nie plas­ta­mi, nad­mer­ný lov rýb, kli­ma­tic­ké zme­ny a stra­ta bio­di­ver­zi­ty pred­sta­vu­jú hroz­by pre ten­to vzác­ny eko­sys­tém. Ochra­na a udr­ža­teľ­ný prí­stup k využí­va­niu mor­ských zdro­jov sú kľú­čo­vé pre zacho­va­nie krá­sy a bohat­stva mora pre budú­ce generácie.

Peop­le gene­ral­ly admi­re the sea. Its immen­se size and appa­rent infi­ni­ty pro­vi­de a spa­ce for con­tem­pla­ti­on and explo­ra­ti­on. The sea pla­ys a cru­cial role not only in the natu­ral eco­sys­tem but also in cul­tu­re and his­to­ry. Cove­ring app­ro­xi­ma­te­ly 71 per­cent of the Eart­h’s sur­fa­ce and con­tai­ning about 97 per­cent of the pla­ne­t’s water, the sea­’s depth ran­ges from rela­ti­ve­ly shal­low con­ti­nen­tal are­as to deep oce­a­nic tren­ches. Eve­ry meter of the sea hosts a fas­ci­na­ting eco­sys­tem tee­ming with life, from mic­ros­co­pic plank­ton to majes­tic whales.

The sea is a sour­ce of ins­pi­ra­ti­on, beau­ty, and essen­tial natu­ral resour­ces. Its role in human life is unde­niab­le, emp­ha­si­zing the impor­tan­ce of recog­ni­zing its value and wor­king towards its pro­tec­ti­on. The world that cap­ti­va­tes us with its depth, mys­te­ry, and beau­ty deser­ves our love and care. This uni­que eco­sys­tem pro­vi­des sus­te­nan­ce for nume­rous fish spe­cies, which, in turn, ser­ve as food for many others. The sea also offers a varie­ty of resour­ces for humans.

The sea has a long his­to­ry intert­wi­ned with huma­ni­ty. Sea voy­ages enab­led the explo­ra­ti­on of new worlds, faci­li­ta­ted tra­de, and enri­ched cul­tu­res with diver­se influ­en­ces. Ancient civi­li­za­ti­ons, such as the Pho­eni­cians and Gre­eks, uti­li­zed the sea for the exchan­ge of goods and ide­as. The sea is often asso­cia­ted with legends and myths, such as the sto­ry of Atlan­tis or sea mons­ters. Its end­less depth and undis­co­ve­red are­as fuel peop­le­’s ima­gi­na­ti­on and ser­ve as the foun­da­ti­on for many sto­ries and artis­tic works.

Bea­ches with whi­te sands, azu­re waters, and end­less oce­an vie­ws have att­rac­ted mil­li­ons of peop­le to tra­vel to coas­tal are­as. Rec­re­a­ti­onal acti­vi­ties by the sea are diver­se, ran­ging from swim­ming and diving to sur­fing and fis­hing. Sum­mer vaca­ti­ons and visits to sea­si­de resorts are syno­ny­mous with rela­xa­ti­on and rec­re­a­ti­on. Howe­ver, the con­tem­po­ra­ry world faces seri­ous chal­len­ges rela­ted to the pro­tec­ti­on and sus­tai­na­bi­li­ty of the seas. Pol­lu­ti­on with plas­tics, over­fis­hing, cli­ma­te chan­ge, and the loss of bio­di­ver­si­ty pose thre­ats to this pre­ci­ous eco­sys­tem. Pro­tec­ti­on and a sus­tai­nab­le app­ro­ach to the use of mari­ne resour­ces are cru­cial for pre­ser­ving the beau­ty and wealth of the sea for futu­re generations.

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2005, Časová línia, Do roku 2005, Krajina, Turecko, Zahraničie

Turecko – zaujímavá hornatá krajina

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Turec­ko leží pod Čier­nym morom. Z dvoch strán ho obklo­pu­je Stre­do­zem­né more. Suse­dí so Sýri­ou, s Ira­kom, s Irá­nom, s Armén­skom, s Gru­zín­skom. Malá časť úze­mia leží v Euró­pe na Bal­kán­skom polo­os­tro­ve (Východ­ná Trá­cia /​Rumé­lia), väč­ši­na úze­mia leží v juho­zá­pad­nej Ázii – na polo­os­tro­ve Malá Ázia (Ana­tó­lia). Obe čas­ti odde­ľu­je úži­na Bospor, Mar­mar­ské more a Dar­da­ne­ly (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Turec­ko je hor­na­tá kra­ji­na, naj­viac jeho východ­ná časť.

Úze­mie Turec­ka (Ana­tó­lia) pat­rí k naj­star­ším trva­lo osíd­le­ným regi­ó­nom na sve­te – ešte v neoli­te (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Pri­bliž­ne medzi 18. – 13. sto­ro­čím pred Kris­tom bola na úze­mí dneš­né­ho Turec­ka sta­ro­ve­ká Che­tit­ská ríša. Neskôr tu exis­to­va­la Frý­gia. Od 7. sto­ro­čia pred Kris­tom Lýdia, Caria a Lýcia. Od 12. sto­ro­čia pred Kris­tom je západ­né pobre­žie kolo­ni­zo­va­né aiol­ský­mi, dór­sky­mi a ión­sky­mi Grék­mi. Neskôr aj kolo­ni­zo­va­li aj sever­né a juž­né pobre­žie. V 6. – 5 sto­ro­čí bola Ana­tó­lia doby­tá Per­žan­mi, neskôr Ale­xan­drom Mace­dón­skym, po kto­ré­ho smr­ti sa roz­pad­la na hele­nis­tic­ké štá­ty: Bitý­nia, Kapa­dó­cia, Per­ga­mon a Pon­tos (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). V Turec­ku je veľ­ké množ­stvo antic­kých pamia­tok, naj­mä v Efe­ze, Ther­mes­so­se, Hie­ra­po­li­se a aj v Istan­bu­le (orbi​on​.cz). Kon­com 1. sto­ro­čia pred Kris­tom gré­kov vys­trie­da­la Rím­ska ríša. Po jej roz­pa­de v roku 395 Turec­ko pri­pad­lo Byzant­skej ríši. Od 11. sto­ro­čia dochá­dza­lo ku turec­ké­mu osíd­ľo­va­niu. V roku 1299 sa Osman I. stal prvým sul­tá­nom Osman­skej ríše. Vytrva­la do roku 1923, kedy Mus­ta­fa Kemal Ata­türk zalo­žil repub­li­ku. 2 mili­ó­ny gré­kov opus­ti­lo Turec­ko a do Turec­ka odiš­lo asi 500 000 mos­li­mov roz­prá­va­jú­cich gréc­ky, albán­sky a bul­har­sky z Gréc­ka (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). V Turec­ku žije počet­ná kurd­ská men­ši­na. 

Turec­ko je pomer­ne veľ­ká kra­ji­na, jeho roz­lo­ha je 780 580 km2 (wikit​ra​vel​.org), kde žilo v roku 2003 viac ako 68 mili­ó­nov oby­va­te­ľov (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Turec­ká zahra­nič­ná poli­ti­ka je už v 20. sto­ro­čí nasme­ro­va­ná do Euró­py. Turec­ko pat­rí ku zakla­da­jú­cim čle­nom OECD, v roku 1952 vstu­pu­je do NATO. Od roku 1959, kedy si poda­lo žia­dosť o člen­stvo v EHS, sa inten­zív­ne sna­ží vstú­piť do európ­skych hos­po­dár­skych štruk­túr. Dnes do Európ­skej únie (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Zau­jí­ma­vé sú skal­né mes­ta v Kap­pa­dó­cii, národ­ný park Pamuk­ka­le (orbi​on​.cz). Vo východ­nom (naj­hor­na­tej­šom) Turec­ku pra­me­nia rie­ky Euf­rat, Tig­ris a Aras (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Naj­vyš­ším bodom je Ara­rat, kto­rý sa týči do výš­ky 5137 met­rov nad morom (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Je hra­nič­ným vrchom s Arménskom.

Hlav­ným mes­tom Turec­ka je Anka­ra. Iný­mi zná­my­mi mes­ta­mi je Anta­lya, naj­väč­šie mes­to Istan­bul, napr. Izmir, Trab­zon (wikit​ra​vel​.org), Bur­sa, Ada­na, Gazian­tep (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Istan­bul je mes­to roz­de­le­né na európ­sku a ázij­skú časť. Spo­je­nie tých­to dvoch kon­ti­nen­tov zabez­pe­ču­je Bospor­ský most (wikit​ra​vel​.org). Turec­ko je pod­ľa HDP na 15. mies­te na sve­te (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Naj­po­pu­lár­nej­ším špor­tom je fut­bal. Klu­by ako Besik­tas Istan­bul, Fener­bah­ce Istan­bul, Gala­ta­sa­ray Istan­bul, (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz) Trab­zon­spor fut­ba­lo­vý fanú­šik pozná, neraz sa výraz­nej­šie pre­sa­di­li v tra­dič­ných európ­skych pohá­roch. Národ­ný tím v roku 2002 dosia­hol na Maj­strov­stvách sve­ta 3. miesto.

Tur­key is loca­ted bene­ath the Black Sea and is sur­roun­ded by the Medi­ter­ra­ne­an Sea on two sides. It sha­res bor­ders with Syria, Iraq, Iran, Arme­nia, and Geor­gia. A small part of its ter­ri­to­ry lies in Euro­pe on the Bal­kan Penin­su­la (Eas­tern Thra­ce /​Rume­lia), whi­le the majo­ri­ty is situ­ated in sout­hwes­tern Asia on the Ana­to­lian Penin­su­la. The Bospo­rus Strait, the Sea of Mar­ma­ra, and the Dar­da­nel­les sepa­ra­te the­se two parts (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tur­key is a moun­tai­nous coun­try, with its eas­tern part being the most mountainous.

The ter­ri­to­ry of Tur­key (Ana­to­lia) is one of the oldest con­ti­nu­ous­ly inha­bi­ted regi­ons glo­bal­ly, dating back to the Neolit­hic peri­od (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). App­ro­xi­ma­te­ly bet­we­en the 18th and 13th cen­tu­ries BCE, the ancient Hit­ti­te Empi­re exis­ted in the present-​day ter­ri­to­ry of Tur­key. Later, Phry­gia was estab­lis­hed here. From the 7th cen­tu­ry BCE, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia were pre­sent. From the 12th cen­tu­ry BCE, the wes­tern coast was colo­ni­zed by Aeolian, Dorian, and Ionian Gre­eks. Later, they also colo­ni­zed the nort­hern and sout­hern coasts. In the 6th to 5th cen­tu­ries BCE, Ana­to­lia was conqu­e­red by the Per­sians, later by Ale­xan­der the Gre­at, after who­se death, it disin­teg­ra­ted into Hel­le­nis­tic sta­tes: Bit­hy­nia, Cap­pa­do­cia, Per­ga­mon, and Pon­tus (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tur­key boasts nume­rous ancient monu­ments, espe­cial­ly in Ephe­sus, Ter­mes­sos, Hie­ra­po­lis, and Istan­bul (orbi​on​.cz). By the end of the 1st cen­tu­ry BCE, the Gre­eks were suc­ce­e­ded by the Roman Empi­re. After its col­lap­se in 395, Tur­key beca­me part of the Byzan­ti­ne Empi­re. From the 11th cen­tu­ry, Tur­kish sett­le­ment occur­red. In 1299, Osman I beca­me the first sul­tan of the Otto­man Empi­re, which las­ted until 1923 when Mus­ta­fa Kemal Ata­türk estab­lis­hed the repub­lic. Two mil­li­on Gre­eks left Tur­key, and about 500,000 Mus­lims spe­a­king Gre­ek, Alba­nian, and Bul­ga­rian moved to Tur­key from Gre­e­ce (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). A sig­ni­fi­cant Kur­dish mino­ri­ty resi­des in Turkey.

Tur­key is a rela­ti­ve­ly lar­ge coun­try with an area of 780,580 km² (wikit​ra​vel​.org), and it had over 68 mil­li­on inha­bi­tants in 2003 (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Tur­ke­y­’s fore­ign poli­cy has been direc­ted towards Euro­pe sin­ce the 20th cen­tu­ry. Tur­key is a foun­ding mem­ber of the OECD and joined NATO in 1952. Sin­ce 1959, when it app­lied for EEC mem­bers­hip, it has been acti­ve­ly see­king to join Euro­pe­an eco­no­mic struc­tu­res. Today, it aspi­res to join the Euro­pe­an Uni­on (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Rock cities in Cap­pa­do­cia and Pamuk­ka­le Nati­onal Park are among the inte­res­ting sites (orbi​on​.cz). The Euph­ra­tes, Tig­ris, and Aras rivers ori­gi­na­te in eas­tern (most moun­tai­nous) Tur­key (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). The hig­hest point is Mount Ara­rat, rea­ching 5,137 meters abo­ve sea level (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). It is a bor­der peak with Armenia.

The capi­tal of Tur­key is Anka­ra. Other well-​known cities inc­lu­de Anta­lya, the lar­gest city Istan­bul, Izmir, Trab­zon (wikit​ra​vel​.org), Bur­sa, Ada­na, Gazian­tep (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Istan­bul is a city divi­ded into Euro­pe­an and Asian parts, con­nec­ted by the Bosp­ho­rus Brid­ge (wikit​ra​vel​.org). Accor­ding to GDP, Tur­key ranks 15th in the world (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). The most popu­lar sport is foot­ball, with clubs like Besik­tas Istan­bul, Fener­bah­ce Istan­bul, Gala­ta­sa­ray Istan­bul, (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz), and Trab­zon­spor, a foot­ball club kno­wn to fans, often making a sig­ni­fi­cant impact in tra­di­ti­onal Euro­pe­an com­pe­ti­ti­ons. The nati­onal team achie­ved 3rd pla­ce in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Tür­ki­ye, Kara­de­ni­z’in altın­da yer almak­ta­dır. İki tara­fın­dan Akde­niz çev­re­le­mek­te­dir. Suri­ye, Irak, İran, Erme­nis­tan ve Gür­cis­tan ile komşu­dur. Top­ra­ğının küçük bir kıs­mı Bal­kan Yarıma­da­sı’n­da Avru­pa­’da bulu­nur­ken, çoğun­lu­ğu Ana­do­lu Yarıma­da­sı’n­da Güne­y­ba­tı Asy­a’da yer almak­ta­dır. Bu iki böl­ge­yi Boğa­zi­çi Boğa­zı, Mar­ma­ra Deni­zi ve Çanak­ka­le Boğa­zı ayır­mak­ta­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tür­ki­ye dağlık bir ülke­dir, özel­lik­le doğu kıs­mı en dağlık olanıdır.

Tür­ki­y­e’nin top­rak­la­rı (Ana­do­lu), düny­anın en eski sürek­li yer­le­şim böl­ge­le­rin­den biri­ne ait­tir ve bu yer­le­şim neoli­tik döne­me kadar uzan­mak­ta­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Yak­la­şık M.Ö. 18. – 13. yüzy­ıl ara­sın­da bugün­kü Tür­ki­ye top­rak­la­rın­da antik Hitit İmp­ar­at­orl­uğu bulun­mak­ta­y­dı. Daha son­ra Fri­gya bura­da var olmu­ştur. M.Ö. 7. yüzy­ıl­dan iti­ba­ren Lidya, Karia­lı ve Likya var olmu­ştur. M.Ö. 12. yüzy­ıl­dan iti­ba­ren batı kıy­ısı, Ege, Dor ve İyon Grek­le­ri tara­fın­dan kolo­ni­ze edil­mi­ştir. Daha son­ra kuzey ve güney kıy­ısını da kolo­ni­le­mi­şler­dir. M.Ö. 6. – 5. yüzy­ıl ara­sın­da Ana­do­lu, Pers­ler tara­fın­dan fet­he­dil­miş, ardın­dan Büy­ük İsk­end­er tara­fın­dan fet­he­dil­miş ve onun ölümün­den son­ra Hele­nis­tik dev­let­le­re (Biti­nya, Kapa­do­kya, Per­ga­mon ve Pon­tus) ayrıl­mıştır (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tür­ki­y­e’de Efe­ze, Ter­mes­sos, Hie­ra­po­lis ve İst­anb­ul­’da olmak üze­re birçok antik kalın­tı bulun­mak­ta­dır (orbi​on​.cz). Milat­tan önce 1. yüzy­ılın sonu­na doğru Yunan­lar, Roma İmp­ar­at­orl­uğu tara­fın­dan deği­şti­ril­di. 395’teki çöküşün­den son­ra Tür­ki­ye, Bizans İmp­ar­at­orl­uğ­u’­nun bir parça­sı hali­ne gel­di. 11. yüzy­ıl­dan iti­ba­ren Türk yer­le­şi­mi gerçek­le­şti. 1299’da Osman­lı İmp­ar­at­orl­uğ­u’­nun ilk padi­şa­hı Osman Gazi oldu. 1923’te Mus­ta­fa Kemal Ata­türk Tür­ki­ye Cum­hu­ri­y­eti­’ni kur­du. 2 mily­on Yunan Tür­ki­y­e’yi terk etti ve Yunan­ca, Arnav utça ve Bul­gar­ca konu­şan yak­la­şık 500.000 Müs­lüman Yuna­nis­ta­n’a göç etti (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Tür­ki­y­e’de önem­li bir Kürt azın­lığı yaşamaktadır.

Tür­ki­ye, oldu­kça geniş bir ülke­dir ve ala­nı 780.580 km2’dir (wikit​ra​vel​.org) ve 2003 yılın­da 68 mily­on­dan faz­la nüfu­sa sahip­ti (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). Tür­ki­y­e’nin dış poli­ti­ka­sı 20. yüzy­ıl­dan bu yana Avru­pa­’ya yöne­lik­tir. Tür­ki­ye, OEC­D’nin kuru­cu üyele­rin­den biri­dir ve 1952’de NATO­’ya katıl­dı. 1959’dan bu yana EEC üyeli­ği için başvu­ru­da bulun­du­ğun­dan beri, Avru­pa eko­no­mik yapıla­rına katıl­mak için aktif çaba sarf etmek­te­dir. Bugün Avru­pa Bir­li­ği­’ne üye olma­yı ama­çla­mak­ta­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.sk). Kapa­do­ky­a’da­ki kaya şehir­le­ri ve Pamuk­ka­le Mil­li Par­kı gibi ilgi­nç yer­ler ara­sın­da yer alır (orbi​on​.cz). Tür­ki­y­e’nin doğu­sun­dan (en dağlık) Fırat, Dic­le ve Aras nehir­le­ri kay­nak­lan­mak­ta­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). En yük­sek nok­ta­sı, Erme­nis­tan ile sınır olu­ştu­ran Ağrı Dağı’dır ve deniz sevi­y­esin­den 5.137 met­re yük­sek­lik­te­dir (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz).

Tür­ki­y­e’nin başken­ti Anka­ra­’dır. Diğer bili­nen şehir­ler ara­sın­da Anta­lya, en büy­ük şehir İst­anb­ul, İzm­ir, Trab­zon (wikit​ra​vel​.org), Bur­sa, Ada­na, Gazian­tep (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz) bulun­mak­ta­dır. İst­anb­ul, Avru­pa ve Asya olmak üze­re iki bölüme ayrıl­mış bir şehir­dir ve bu iki kıta­yı bir­le­şti­ren Boğa­zi­çi Köp­rüsü bulun­mak­ta­dır (wikit​ra​vel​.org). GDP’ye göre Tür­ki­ye dünya gene­lin­de 15. sıra­da­dır (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz). En popüler spor fut­bol­dur ve Beşik­taş İst­anb­ul, Fener­ba­hçe İst­anb­ul, Gala­ta­sa­ray İst­anb­ul gibi kulüp­ler (Wiki​pe​dia​.cz), Trab­zon­spor fut­bol takımı gibi takım­lar, genel­lik­le gele­nek­sel Avru­pa yarışma­la­rın­da etki­li olmak­ta­dır. Mil­li takım 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupa­sı’n­da 3. sıra­ya ulaştı.

Odka­zy

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